Abstract Climate change is affecting biodiversity, but proximate drivers remain poorly understood. Here, we examine how experimental heatwaves impact on reproduction in an insect system. Male sensitivity to heat recognised endotherms, ectotherms have received limited attention, despite comprising most of biodiversity and being more influenced by temperature variation. Using a flour beetle model system, find that heatwave conditions (5 7 °C above optimum for 5 days) damaged male, not female,...

A laboratory strain identified as "Hypsibius dujardini" is one of the best studied tardigrade strains: it widely used a model organism in variety research projects, ranging from developmental and evolutionary biology through physiology anatomy to astrobiology. Hypsibius dujardini, originally described Île-de-France by Doyère first half 19th century, now nominal species for superfamily Hypsibioidea. The was traditionally considered cosmopolitan despite fact that insufficient, old sometimes...

This paper is the fourth monograph in a series that describes global records of limno-terrestrial water bears (Tardigrada). Here, we provide comprehensive list non-marine tardigrades recorded from Africa, providing an updated and revised taxonomy accompanied by geographic co-ordinates, habitat, biogeographic comments. It hoped this work will serve as reference point background for further zoogeographical taxonomical studies.

This paper is the second monograph of nine that describes global records limno-terrestrial water bears (Tardigrada). Here, we provide a comprehensive list non-marine tardigrades recorded from South America, providing an updated and revised taxonomy accompanied by geographic co-ordinates, habitat, biogeographic comments. It hoped this work will serve as reference point background for further zoogeographical taxonomical studies.

In this paper we present the Tardigrada Register (www.tardigrada.net/register): a free, comprehensive, and standardised online data repository for tardigrade taxonomy. We outline key problems of modern systematics propose as potential solution to some them. then describe idea, structure works service discuss challenges it may face. However, most importantly, hope convince fellow Tardigradologists that sharing their via will benefit entire community contemporary future researchers.

Intra- and interspecific variability, being at the very core of alpha taxonomy, has been a long-standing topic debate among tardigrade taxonomists. Early studies tended to assume that tardigrades exhibit wide intraspecific variation. However, with more careful morphological studies, especially those incorporating molecular tools allow for an independent verification species identifications based on phenotypic traits, we now recognise ranges variability are narrower, differences between may...

In this paper we describe Macrobiotus paulinae, a new species of the hufelandi group from Kenyan highlands. addition to traditional taxonomic description, aided with morphometrics as well light and scanning microscopy imaging, also provide nucleotide sequences three nuclear (18S rRNA, 28S ITS-2) one mitochondrial (COI) DNA fragment species. The allowed not only more accurate description but provided an independent verification status Ma. paulinae sp. nov. Such integrative approach requires...

In this paper we describe Macrobiotus papei, a new species of the hufelandi complex from Udzungwa Mountains National Park in Tanzania. Our research included traditional morphology-based taxonomic analysis, supported by morphometrics, light and scanning electron microscopy imaging, as well analysis nucleotide sequences three nuclear (18S rRNA, 28S ITS-2) one mitochondrial (COI) marker. The molecular provided more accurate description independent verification status M. papei sp. nov. Such...

In this paper we redescribe two species (Milnesium eurystomum Maucci, 1991 and Milnesium tardigradum Doyère, 1840) one subspecies granulatum Ramazzotti, 1962), which elevate to the level. We establish a new type series for M. sensu stricto along with sequences of cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) internal transcribed spacer 2 region (ITS2). Moreover, define groups within genus based on appearance dorso-lateral cuticle (the group, smooth reticulated cuticle, respectively) propose system...

A population of Ramazzottius subanomalus (Biserov, 1985) was found in a moss sample collected from concrete wall Poznań, western Poland. Animals were prepared for light and scanning electron microscopy DNA sequencing to provide an integrative description the species that originally described only by means classical alpha taxonomy. As result our studies, we first ever SEM photomicrographs individuals their buccal apparatuses. Additionally, present new sequences as well morphometric data R....

Species of the Macrobiotus hufelandi group are one most often recorded tardigrades throughout globe. For over a century M. has been considered cosmopolitan but in recent decades numerous species similar morphologies have described from various continents, which suggests that what was originally defined as single taxon is, fact, complex species. The definition is subject to long-standing discussion and this paper we propose refined set characters hoped elucidate taxonomic status group. In...

Outdated and inaccurate original descriptions of species nominal for genera or complexes give birth to notorious difficulties in identification often translate into erroneous classifications multiple as one. This, turn, results severe overestimations specific geographic ranges ultimately underestimations the diversity organisms living on our planet. Tardigrades, ubiquitous microscopic metazoans exhibiting relatively few taxonomically useful traits, bear many such problematic species. In this...

Given the constantly growing number of described tardigrade species and scarcity taxonomically meaningful morphological characters that these microinvertebrates exhibit, in many cases morphometric traits are primary or even only means classic differentiation, especially between closely related taxa. However, validity comparisons is contingent on assumption mounting does not significantly affect dimensions traits, meaning specimens mounted different microscope slides may be compared with...

The genus Minibiotus is morphologically diverse, which may suggest its polyphyletic character. However, scarce genetic data and often also the lack of detailed morphological currently do not allow for verification relationships within this genus. Here, very first time, we provide an integrative description a new species. ioculator sp. nov. from Republic South Africa differs other congeners mainly by egg ornamentation with processes on shell that resemble hat royal jester. We taxonomic...

In four samples of mosses and mixed with lichens collected in the Peruvian region Cusco, 344 tardigrades, 78 free-laid eggs six simplexes were found. total, nine species identified: Cornechiniscus lobatus, Echiniscus dariae, E. ollantaytamboensis, Isohypsibius condorcanquii sp. nov., Macrobiotus pisacensis Milnesium krzysztofi, Minibiotus intermedius, Paramacrobiotus intii nov. Pseudechiniscus ramazzottii ramazzottii. is most similar to I. baldii, but differs mainly by absence ventral...

Dividing the world into nine regions, this first paper describes literature records of limno-terrestrial tardigrades (Tardigrada) reported from Central America. Updating previously published species lists we have revised taxonomy and provided additional habitat, geographic co-ordinates, biogeographic comments. It is hoped work will serve as a reference point background for further zoogeographic studies.

After a population bottleneck, polyandry allows females to select sperm with the best prospects for fitness.

Between‐individual variance in potential reproductive rate theoretically creates a load reproducing populations by driving sexual selection of male traits for winning competitions, and female resisting the costs multiple mating. Here, using replicated experimental evolution under divergent operational sex ratios (OSR, 9:1 or 1:6 ♀:♂) we empirically identified parallel fitness consequences females males promiscuous flour beetle Tribolium castaneum. Our results revealed clear evidence that...

This paper is the third monograph of series that describes global records limno-terrestrial water bears (Tardigrada). Here, we provide a comprehensive list non-marine tardigrades recorded from North America, providing an updated and revised taxonomy accompanied by geographic co-ordinates, habitat, biogeographic comments. It hoped this work will serve as reference point background for further zoogeographical taxonomical studies.

We examined microscope slides from Horning and Iharos tardigrade collections Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa in Wellington Hungarian Natural History Budapest with species the Macrobiotus hufelandi group. Based on this material we describe one new species, horningi sp. nov., re-describe two others, M. maculatus comb. nov. Iharos, 1973 rawsoni et al., 1978. With oral cavity armature patagonicus type chorion type, is most similar to: personatus Biserov, 1990, sandrae Bertolani &...

In this paper we describe Macrobiotus canaricus sp. nov., a new tardigrade species of the hufelandi group from Canary Islands. Moreover, with use DNA sequencing, confirm that recens Cuénot, 1932 represents group, even though eggs laid by do not exhibit typical morphology. Our study is based on both classical taxonomic methods include morphological and morphometric analyses conducted light scanning electron microscopy, analysis nucleotide sequences four molecular markers (three nuclear: 18S...

Tardigrades constituting the order Parachela are characterised by a generally uniform, worm-like external morphology. Taxa with larger, well-pronounced dorsal cuticular protuberances, tubercles and spines found in seven genera representing various evolutionary lineages within Hypsibioidea Isohypsibioidea: Calohypsibius Thulin, 1928 (Calohypsibiidae), Fractonotus Pilato, 1998 (Microhypsibiidae), Ramazzottius Binda & 1986 (Ramazzottiidae), Hypsibius Ehrenberg, 1848 Pilatobius Bertolani,...

Tardigrade taxonomy is based largely on classical methodology, with morphological and morphometric traits being most often the sole basis for species delineation identification. However, despite over 1200 described tardigrade species, so far there have been no studies estimating sample size that would allow confident interpretation of dimensions taxonomically important characters. We defined such optimal as a minimal number structures need to be measured in order result mean range are not...