The integration of shear-thickening fluids (STFs) into composite structures has been investigated with the aim tuning part stiffness and damping capacity under dynamic deformation. Results from oscillatory rheological measurements for a STF based on concentrated fused silica in polypropylene glycol were correlated results vibrating beam tests model sandwich containing layers same sandwiched between polyvinyl chloride (PVC) beams. Above critical amplitude, relative motion PVC beams provoked...

Pulsed laser deposition (PLD) and magnetron sputter (MSD) have been used to prepare different types of Mo/Si multilayers for the extreme ultraviolet (EUV) spectral range. In case PLD prepared 0.3–0.5 nm thick carbon barrier layers at interfaces leads a substantial improvement interface quality. This can be deduced from Cu-Kα reflectivity measurements HRTEM observations. Consequently EUV has substantially increased. For pure Mo/Si-multilayers by MSD parameters optimized so that normal...

The demand for low-priced solar cells with higher efficiencies becomes more necessary to reach grid parity. An optimized cell design which uses the same equipment as state of art could be easily implemented into industry. In this paper an approach a front side is discussed, using busbars than widely used three busbar electrode. A simulation program based on two-diode model was summing up series resistances each contributor in module optimizing number and geometry wires needed. simulations...

The demand for highly efficient photovoltaic modules at low costs leads to new solar cell designs. For enhanced module efficiency the has be optimized regarding later operation under conditions. This implies that interconnected structure assessed. Commonly itself is separately. In this work an easy implement design was investigated where number of busbars varied decrease total series resistance cell. study a simulation program based on two-diode model applied determine optimal device....

Ideally, future photovoltaic modules show higher power output without increasing costs during cell production or module interconnection. Today significant losses occur stringing the cells in a by using standard 3- busbar technology. In this paper an elegant approach for front side design is discussed more busbars than widely used 3-busbar solar electrode. Simulations demonstrated that multi-busbar allows and efficiencies compared to state of art design, same time reduces amount silver needed...

We demonstrate full-field X-ray microscopy using crossed multilayer Laue lenses (MLL). Two partial MLLs are prepared out of a 48 μm high stack consisting 2451 alternating zones WSi2 and Si. They assembled perpendicularly in series to obtain two-dimensional imaging. Experiments done laboratory microscope Cu-Kα radiation (E = 8.05 keV, focal length f 8.0 mm). Sub-100 nm resolution is demonstrated without mixed-order imaging at an appropriate position the image plane. Although existing...

Abstract This paper presents a methodology to design nonlinear distributed-parameter observer estimate internal temperature profiles in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells. Accurate knowledge of the spatial distributions allows beneficial insight into cell’s condition since is strongly coupled other cell states. The extended Kalman filter-based employs high-fidelity non-isothermal model for predicting distributions. A reduced-order model, preserving major dynamics and coupling effects...

Deposition of multilayers on saw-tooth substrates is a key step in the fabrication multilayer blazed gratings (MBG) for extreme ultraviolet and soft x-rays. Growth can be perturbed by shadowing effects caused highly corrugated surface substrates, which results distortion stack structure degradation performance MBGs. To minimize effects, we used an ion-beam sputtering machine with collimated atomic flux to deposit Mo/Si substrates. The conditions were optimized finding balance between...

This paper describes a novel quartz crystal sensor for measurement of the density-viscosity product Newtonian liquids. The element consists two piano-convex AT-cut crystals vibrating in thickness-shear mode with liquid sample between. special set-up allows suppression disturbing resonances layer. Such are generated common single-plate arrangements due to compressional waves caused by spurious out-of-plane displacements shear finite plate. primary measurands fundamental resonance frequency...

Nondestructive methods based on electron emission may encounter serious difficulties when probing the chemical state of deeply buried nanolayers due to restricted information depth. The purpose present work is evaluate which extent photon can overcome these restrictions. Grazing-incidence x-ray fluorescence combined with a near-edge absorption fine-structure investigation (GIXRF-NEXAFS) offers access depth-resolving analysis respect both speciation and layer composition. By varying angle...

Two different multilayer Laue lens designs were made with total deposition thicknesses of 48 µm and 53 µm, focal lengths 20.0 mm 12.5 at keV, respectively. From these two systems, several lenses manufactured for one- two-dimensional focusing. The latter is realised a directly bonded assembly crossed lenses, that reduces the distance between in beam direction to 30 eliminates necessity producing systems. Characterization fabrication was performed using laboratory X-ray microscope. Focusing...

We investigate the influence of Mo-layer thickness on EUV reflectance Mo/Si mirrors with a set unpolished and interface-polished Mo/Si/C multilayer mirrors. The is varied in range from 1.7 nm to 3.05 nm. use novel combination specular diffuse intensity measurements determine interface roughness throughout stack do not rely scanning probe at surface only. X-ray reflectivity near-normal incidence scattering allows reconstruct Mo layer thicknesses power spectral density. data analysis conducted...

This paper presents a concept for the wafer-scale manufacturing of microactuators based on adhesive bonding bulk shape-memory-alloy (SMA) sheets to silicon microstructures. Wafer-scale integration cold-state deformation mechanism is provided by deposition stressed films onto SMA sheet. A heating Joule through resistive heater layer presented. Critical fabrication issues were investigated, including deformation, scheme and related stresses, titanium-nickel (TiNi) sheet patterning. Novel...

In this paper, a detailed overview of multi-busbar solar cells and modules with selective emitter, fine line screen printed front side metallization, full aluminum rear are presented. The designs three-busbar compared assessed by cell, module performance, Ag metal consumption. Assembled four-cell industrial type that demonstrate average fill factor gains 0.6% <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">abs</sub> on the level. A reduction in...

This paper presents a novel gas microvalve design concept, in which flow control gate is opened by pneumatic pressure and closed shape memory alloy actuator, allowing large control. Two different variations were fabricated using wafer-level Au–Si eutectic bonding process for TiNi to silicon integration. The resulting microvalves demonstrate record performance per footprint area; with of only <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"...

For the European x-ray free electron laser (XFEL) a split-and-delay unit based on geometrical wavefront beam splitting and multilayer mirrors is built which covers range of photon energies from 5 keV up to 20 keV. Maximum delays between $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}\ensuremath{\tau}=\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2.5\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{ps}$ at $h\ensuremath{\nu}=20\text{ }\mathrm{keV}$ $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}\ensuremath{\tau}=\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}23\text{...

Point focusing measurements using pairs of directly bonded crossed multilayer Laue lenses (MLLs) are reported. Several flat and wedged MLLs have been fabricated out a single deposition assembled to realise point devices. The manufactured by adding stress layer onto lenses. Subsequent bending the structure changes relative orientation interfaces towards stress-wedged geometry. characterization at ESRF beamline ID13 photon energy 10.5 keV demonstrated nearly diffraction-limited clean spot 43...

Earlier investigations of steady two-dimensional marginally separated laminar boundary layers have shown that the non-dimensional wall shear (or equivalently negative perturbation displacement thickness) is governed by a nonlinear integro-differential equation. This equation contains single controlling parameter . in turn leads to significant simplification problem allowing, among other things, systematic study devices used boundary-layer control and an analytical investigation conditions...

We have developed a multilayer mirror for extreme ultraviolet (EUV) radiation that has low reflectance IR at 10.6 mum wavelength. The is based on coating comprising alternating layers of diamondlike carbon and silicon, which we demonstrate an EUV up to 49.7%. made functional prototype in the included as part antireflection radiation, resulting values 42.5% 4.4% IR, respectively. can replace standard Mo/Si lithography tool form efficient solution suppression unwanted CO(2) laser radiation.

Thin aerofoils are prone to localized flow separation at their leading edge if subjected moderate angles of attack α. Although 'laminar bubbles' first do not significantly alter the aerofoil performance, they tend 'burst' α is increased further or perturbations acting upon reach a certain intensity. This then either leads global (stall) triggers laminar-turbulent transition process within boundary layer flow. paper addresses asymptotic analysis early stages latter phenomenon in limit as...

In the last years efforts were made to overcome widespread screen printing metallization technique reduce shading of front side, increase finger conductivity, and improve contact properties crystalline silicon solar cells. A promising approach is plating via wet chemical metal deposition. Hereby, metals nickel as layer copper or silver conduction are alternatives thick film process. One challenge using this avoid unwanted background where not only deposited on opened emitter structures but...

Multilayer laue lenses are diffractive optics with a high potential for producing X-ray foci in the order of 10 nm or even below. Particularly hard X-rays (E > 6 keV) these promise better resolution and higher efficiencies than currently available Fresnel zone plates.