Active chlorine in the atmosphere is poorly constrained and so its role oxidation of potent greenhouse gas methane, causing uncertainty global methane budgets. We propose a photocatalytic mechanism for atom production that occurs when Sahara dust mixes with sea spray aerosol. The validated by implementation atmospheric model thereby explaining episodic, seasonal, location-dependent 13C depletion CO air samples from Barbados [J.E. Mak, G. Kra, T. Sandomenico, P. Bergamaschi, J. Geophys. Res....

Abstract Keeping global surface temperatures below international climate targets will require substantial measures to control atmospheric CO 2 and CH 4 concentrations. Recent studies have focused on interventions decrease through enhanced oxidation. Here for the first time using a set of models, we evaluate effect adding iron aerosols atmosphere enhance molecular chlorine production, thus oxidation methane reduce its concentration. Using different emission sensitivity scenarios, examine...

Abstract. Prior aerosol chamber experiments show that the ligand-to-metal charge transfer absorption in iron(III) chlorides can lead to production of chlorine (Cl2/Cl). Based on this mechanism, photocatalytic oxidation chloride (Cl−) mineral dust–sea spray aerosols was recently shown be largest source over North Atlantic. However, there has not been a detailed analysis mechanism includes aqueous formation equilibria and spectra iron nor an which is main chromophore. Here we present results...

Abstract. The escalating climate crisis requires rapid action to reduce the concentrations of atmospheric greenhouse gases and lower global surface temperatures. Methane will play a critical role in near-term warming due its high radiative forcing short lifetime. emissions have accelerated recent years, there is significant risk uncertainty associated with future growth natural emissions. largest sink methane occurs through oxidation reactions hydroxyl chlorine radicals. Enhanced could be...

A 1.2 W, continuous-wave, continuously-tunable, singly-resonant optical parametric oscillator (OPO) (idler tuning range 3.0–3.8 μm), pumped by a 10 W continuous-wave Nd:YAG laser, is used in combination with photoacoustic cell for the detection of ethane. An intracavity solid-state etalon (thickness 400 μm) was to stabilize OPO cavity and could be mode-hop tune idler wavelength over cm−1. The usefulness system demonstrated determining limit ethane down parts per trillion. selectivity...

Recent studies have shown that when iron-containing mineral dust mixes with aerosols containing chloride, iron(III)chloride salts are formed enabling the photocatalytic production of Cl2 [1-3]. Work has iron salt aerosol mechanism is largest source chlorine radicals over North Atlantic. The catalytic both in and chlorine. Despite clear evidence from field studies, laboratory modelling [2-5], significant questions remain (effect RH, activity, pH limited behavior, etc.). goal this study to...

The isotopic composition of CO can be used to detect enhanced oxidation methane by atomic chlorine due the strong kinetic isotope effect related this reaction (KIECH4+Cl = 66 per mil). Importantly, detection method has demonstrated presence a large ground-level North Atlantic source for years 1996-1997, linked geographic distribution iron-rich Sahara dust within marine boundary layer (Mak et al., 2003; van Herpen 2023). Here, we present 2023-2024 d13CCO and d18OCO data from an air sampling...

Abstract It was recently discovered that chlorine is produced photocatalytically from mineral dust‐sea spray aerosols, impacting methane and tropospheric ozone, an evaluation made of the climate environmental impact a chlorine‐based intervention to draw down methane. The generation by iron chlorides Fe(III) will also occur due present in shipping plumes. To study efficiency implications, there need for additional information about behavior process under range atmospheric conditions. Here, we...

We present a cw, Nd:YAG-pumped singly resonant single-frequency narrow-linewidth high-power optical parametric oscillator with idler tuning from 3.7 to 4.7 μm . In this spectral range the absorption of wave in LiNbO3 crystal is significant, causing oscillation threshold increase subsequent decrease output power 1.2 W at 3.9 120 mW The oscillator's cavity was stabilized and mode-hop tuned rotatable solid etalon but reduction as much 50%. demonstrated usefulness for spectroscopy by recording...

We have developed a multilayer mirror for extreme ultraviolet (EUV) radiation that has low reflectance IR at 10.6 mum wavelength. The is based on coating comprising alternating layers of diamondlike carbon and silicon, which we demonstrate an EUV up to 49.7%. made functional prototype in the included as part antireflection radiation, resulting values 42.5% 4.4% IR, respectively. can replace standard Mo/Si lithography tool form efficient solution suppression unwanted CO(2) laser radiation.

We have developed a grid-type spectral purity filter (SPF) for suppression of infrared radiation in laser-produced plasma (LPP) EUV sources high-volume lithography. The SPF is silicon grid with sub-wavelength periodicity that metalized to make it reflective radiation. transmitted geometrically through the open area grid. first prototype samples show an in-band transmittance 74% at normal incidence. Infrared spectrometry exhibits clear cut-off behavior as expected, <0.1% wavelength 10.6...

We demonstrate, both theoretically and experimentally, that special spectral-purity-enhancing multilayer mirror systems can be designed fabricated to substantially reduce the level of out-of-band radiation expected in an extreme ultraviolet lithographic tool. A first proof principle applying such spectral-purity-enhancement layers showed reduced reflectance by a factor five, while in-band is only 4.5% (absolute) less than for standard capped multilayer.

The EUV source is an essential part of lithography exposure tool. All EUVL sources, and especially Sn-based not only generate the desired radiation at a wavelength 13.5 nm but also produce debris that limits lifetime collecting optics in lithographic system. In order to increase these we have successfully demonstrated feasibility both mitigation cleaning strategies. this paper, show experimental results for different schemes as performed cooperation with Philips Extreme UV. We our...

We have investigated the use of atomic-hydrogen-based cleaning to remove Sn contamination from extreme ultraviolet (EUV) multilayer mirrors. Mo and Si surfaces were cleaned at a relatively slow rate due catalyzed dissociation tin hydride on these surfaces. Mo/Si mirrors with B4C Si3N4 cap layers DLC-terminated DLC/Si showed complete removal 10 nm in 20 sec full restoration EUV reflectance. In addition, prolonged treatment 300 mirror resulted only minor peak reflection loss 1.2% absolute no...

The level of exhaled carbon monoxide (eCO) is considered a marker oxidative stress in diabetes. Previous findings indicated that eCO levels correlated with blood glucose level. aim this work was to apply and compare two independent analyzing methods for after oral administration. Glycemia, eCO, hydrogen were measured before administration glucose. Six healthy nonsmoking volunteers participated. For analysis, we used methods: commercially available electrochemical sensor, high-precision laser...

Controlled amounts of nitrogen were added during oxyacetylene flame deposition diamond to investigate the possible role CN radical in effects addition. distributions visualized using two-dimensional laser induced fluorescence (LIF) and compared with incorporation into layer growth rate, which measured by means cathodoluminescence (CL) optical microscopy, respectively. For studied range flows, it was found that LIF signal center is linearly dependent on amount nitrogen. Diamond central region...

Reported are the first calculations and experimental results of deposition EUV multilayer coatings that actively suppress reflectance in VUV wavelength range. In undesired 100-200 nm band a factor five reduction was achieved for one single optical element, while only minor loss 4.5% λ = 13.5 nm, operating EUVL, found.

Aerosol chamber experiments show that the ligand-to-metal charge transfer absorption in iron(III) chlorides can lead to production of chlorine. Based on this mechanism, photocatalytic oxidation chloride mineral dust-sea spray aerosols was recently shown be largest source chlorine over North Atlantic. However, there has not been a detailed analysis mechanism including aqueous formation equilibria and spectra iron chlorides; neither an which is main chromophore. Here we present results...

The escalating climate crisis requires rapid action to reduce the concentrations of atmospheric greenhouse gases and lower global surface temperatures. Methane will play a critical role in near-term warming due its high radiative forcing short lifetime. emissions have accelerated recent years there is significant risk uncertainty associated with future growth natural emissions. largest sink methane occurs through oxidation reactions hydroxyl chlorine radicals. Enhanced could be potential...