Recently, perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) have been noted as causes of some the important environmental problems in recent years due to their occurrences and properties. The most commonly used PFCs are perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), which many kinds products. They found surface water tap both developed developing countries around world including North America, Europe Asia. In countries, rivers source water, is one pathways reach humans. It essential evaluate...

Reconstitution of purified mu opioid receptors with guanine nucleotide-binding regulatory proteins (G proteins) was investigated. were by 6-succinylmorphine AF-AminoTOYOPEARL 650M affinity chromatography and PBE isoelectric chromatography. The receptor (pI 5.6) migrated as a single Mr 58,000 polypeptide NaDodSO4/PAGE, value identical to that obtained cross-linking receptors. When reconstituted Gi, the G protein mediates inhibition adenylate cyclase, displacement [3H]naloxone (a antagonist)...

Dewatering of faecal sludge (FS) is indispensable for adequate FS management. However, comprehensive knowledge lacking on dewatering performance. This study compared the performance from different countries and onsite sanitation technologies, to assess influential characteristics dewatering, compare with wastewater sludge. We collected 73 samples septic tanks, lined pit latrines, unlined latrines johkasou tanks in Uganda, Vietnam Japan, 18 Switzerland. Capillary suction time (CST) total...

Septic systems are potentially a significant source of greenhouse gases (GHGs). The present study investigated GHGs from the blackwater septic that widely used especially in low- and middle-income countries. Ten tanks Hanoi, Vietnam, were using floating chamber method. average methane carbon dioxide emission rates measured at first compartment (65% total capacity) 11.92 20.24 g/cap/day, respectively, whereas nitrous oxide was negligible. Methane rate significantly correlated with septage...

Progress toward Sustainable Development Goals for global access to safe sanitation is lagging significantly. In this Feature, we propose that misleading terminology leads errors of categorization and hinders progress service provision in urban areas. Binary classifications such as "offsite/onsite" "sewered/nonsewered" do not capture the need "transport treatment" or complexity should be discarded. "Fecal sludge management" used only development context low- middle-income countries, implying...

A field survey was conducted on four slum, squatter and pavement dweller communities of Mumbai City, India with a total sample size 1,070 households. Study revealed extremely low water consumption pattern averaging merely 30 l/c x d, no sewerage safe excreta disposal facilities manifested by high occurrence water-borne diseases. The annual diarrhoeal, typhoid malaria cases were estimated to 614, 68 126 per thousand populations respectively. At point prevalence scale, at least 30% all...

Background Work-related psychosocial factors increase the likelihood of poor professional quality life (PQoL) outcomes, which are composed three subscales burnout (BO), compassion fatigue(CF), and low satisfaction (CS). However, studies on impact work-related mediating role workplace social support PQoL in Ethiopian healthcare workers limited. Therefore, our study aimed to explore link between PQoL, assess mediational support. Methods We used a cross-sectional design selected public...

Sanitation service chains (SSC) in many cities low- and middle-income countries are complex comprise poorly managed on-site centralized technologies that emit greenhouse gases (GHG). In this study, we aimed to estimate the impact of GHG mitigation measures along SSCs account for interdependencies SSC components with respect emissions. Using an Hanoi, employed a mass balance approach, empirical emission equations, carbon footprint estimation model emissions by component at baseline four...

Septic tanks in low- and middle-income countries are often not emptied for a long time, potentially resulting poor pollutant removal efficiency increased greenhouse gas emissions, including methane (CH4). We examined the impact of emptying intervals (4.0-23 years) on biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) 15 blackwater septic CH4 emission rates 23 Hanoi. The average BOD was 37% (-2-65%), rate 10.9 (2.2-26.8) g/(cap·d). were strongly negatively correlated with (R = -0.676, p 0.006) positively 0.614,...

Interest in phosphorus recovery from urine diverted faeces has been growing recently. Phosphorus can be precipitated out as struvite (MgNH4PO4 x 6H2O) with addition of magnesium salt under alkaline conditions. Struvite formation, however, should more well understood for its practical application. We predicted the formation a development new equilibrium model. The model considered eight different kinds precipitates, including struvite, effects ionic strength and temperature. In addition,...

Although many cities have planed to develop sewerages in developing countries, sewerage establishment still requires huge investment and engineering efforts. Improvement of existing sanitation facilities may contribute the betterment urban before establishment. The purpose this study is propose a measure improve areas where development plan proposed but has not been yet established, based on case Hanoi, Vietnam. We found that 90.5% human excreta flowed into septic tanks. However, 89.6% tanks...

Infectious disease transmission is frequently mediated by the environment, where people's movements through and interactions with environment dictate risks of infection and/or illness. Capturing these interactions, quantifying their importance, offers important insights into effective interventions. In this study, we capture high time-resolution activity data for twenty-five Vietnamese farmers during collection land application human excreta agriculture. Although use improves productivity,...

The global increase of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major public health concern. An effective AMR surveillance tool needed to track the emergence and spread AMR. Wastewater has been proposed as resource-efficient for monitoring carriage in community. Here, we performed genomic antimicrobial-resistant Escherichia coli obtained from fecal sludge sewage Uganda gain insights into E. epidemiology burden underlying population. Selective media containing different antibiotic combinations...

The occurrence of pathogenic Escherichia coli in environmental waters increases the risk waterborne disease. In this study, 14 virulence genes 669 E. isolates (549 from Yamato River Japan, and 30 each following hosts: humans, cows, pigs, chickens) were simultaneously quantified by multiplex PCR dual index sequencing to determine prevalence potentially coli. Among 549 isolates, 64 (12%) classified as extraintestinal (ExPEC) while eight (1.5%) intestinal (InPEC). Only ExPEC-associated detected...

This research is a study of Bangkok's sanitation system based on quantitative analysis water and wastewater flow focusing domestic sector. Nitrogen was quantified assessed its distribution by Material Flow Analysis MFA. Field surveys questionnaires for 300 households were conducted within three zones Bangkok city inner city, urban fringe, suburban. revealed that the main pathways nitrogen greywater blackwater to sewerage onsite OSS, respectively. With treatment facilities, from distributed...

Diversity and productivity of primary producers are known to be influenced simultaneously by resource availability ratio, but the relative importance these two factors differed among studies so far only entire phytoplankton communities were investigated which might ignore specific nutrient requirements stoichiometric plasticity different functional groups. We measured (DIN, total N [TN], P [TP]), imbalance (TN:TP, DIN:TP, N:Pseston), species richness, abundance whole community, as well those...

Globally, the challenge of handwashing with soap (HWWS) still exists despite importance HWWS being shown previously. This study aimed to evaluate faecal contamination on hands children and find factors related from techniques, HWWS, knowledge awareness water, sanitation, hygiene (WASH), a comprehensive WASH index.The was conducted at two elementary schools 169 in densely populated area Bandung, Indonesia. The survey involved observation using checklist, hand bacteria sampling...