Abstract We investigated involvement of feral swine in contamination agricultural fields and surface waterways with Escherichia coli O157:H7 after a nationwide outbreak traced to bagged spinach from California. Isolates swine, cattle, water, sediment, soil at 1 ranch were matched the strain.

A survey was initiated to determine the prevalence of Salmonella enterica in environment and around Monterey County, CA, a major agriculture region United States. Trypticase soy broth enrichment cultures samples soil/sediment (n = 617), water 252), wildlife 476), cattle feces 795), preharvest lettuce spinach 261) tested originally for presence pathogenic Escherichia coli were kept frozen storage later used test S. enterica. multipathogen oligonucleotide microarray employed identify subset...

Although network analysis has drawn considerable attention as a promising tool for disease ecology, empirical research been hindered by limitations in detecting the occurrence of pathogen transmission (who transmitted to whom) within social networks. Using novel approach, we utilize genetics diverse microbe, Escherichia coli, infer where direct or indirect occurred and use these data construct networks wild giraffe population (Giraffe camelopardalis). Individuals were considered be part same...

We present theoretical and experimental work on Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts to characterize their transport behavior in saturated, sandy sediments under strictly controlled conditions. Column experiments are implemented with three different sands (effective grain size: 180, 420, 1400 μm) at two saturated flow rates (0.7 7 m/d). The show that C. oocysts, like other colloids, subject velocity enhancement. In medium coarse sands, the travel 10−30% faster than a conservative tracer. classic...

Abstract Objective —To estimate the analytic sensitivity of microscopic detection Toxoplasma gondii oocysts and environmental loading T on basis prevalence shedding by owned unowned cats. Design —Cross-sectional survey. Sample Population —326 fecal samples from Procedures —Fecal were collected cat shelters, veterinary clinics, cat-owning households, outdoor locations tested via ZnSO 4 flotation. Results —Only 3 (0.9%) feces 326 cats in Morro Bay area California contained –like oocysts. On...

The objective of this study was to determine the in vitro antimicrobial activity several organic acids and their derivatives against Gram-positive (G+) Gram-negative (G−) bacteria. Butyric acid, valeric monopropionin, monobutyrin, valerate glycerides, monolaurin, sodium formate, ProPhorce—a mixture formate formic acid (40:60 w/v)—were tested at 8 16 concentrations from 10 50,000 mg/L. bacteria included G− (Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica Typhimurium, Campylobacter jejuni) G+...

During a 2.5-year survey of 33 farms and ranches in major leafy greens production region California, 13,650 produce, soil, livestock, wildlife, water samples were tested for Shiga toxin (stx)-producing Escherichia coli (STEC). Overall, 357 1,912 positive E. O157:H7 (2.6%) or non-O157 STEC (14.0%), respectively. Isolates differentiated by O-typing ELISA multilocus variable number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) resulted 697 3,256 isolates saved further analysis. Cattle (7.1%), feral swine...

Wetlands can improve water quality through natural processes including sedimentation, nutrient transformations, and microbial plant uptake. Tailwater from irrigated pastures may contribute to nonpoint source pollution in the form of sediments, nutrients, pathogens that degrade downstream quality. We examined benefits provided by a natural, flow-through wetland degraded, channelized situated within flood-irrigation agricultural landscape Sierra Nevada foothills Northern California. The...

Stability in biological systems requires evolved mechanisms that promote robustness. Cohesive primate social groups represent one example of a stable system, which persist spite frequent conflict. Multiple sources stability likely exist for any system and such robustness, or lack thereof, should be reflected thus detectable the group's network structure, at multiple levels. Here we show how structure group are linked to fundamental characteristics individual agents environmental contexts...

Significance Fresh produce has become the primary cause of foodborne illness in United States. A widespread concern that wildlife vector pathogens onto fresh fields led to strong pressure on farmers clear noncrop vegetation surrounding their farm fields. We combined three large datasets demonstrate pathogen prevalence is rapidly increasing, are more common farms closer land suitable for livestock grazing, and clearing associated with increased over time. These findings contradict food safety...

ABSTRACT Recent outbreaks of food-borne illness associated with the consumption produce have increased concern over wildlife reservoirs pathogens. Wild rodents are ubiquitous, and those living close to agricultural farms may pose a food safety risk should they shed zoonotic microorganisms in their feces near or on commodities. Fecal samples from wild trapped 13 (9 produce, 3 cow-calf operations, 1 beef cattle feedlot) Monterey San Benito Counties, CA, were screened determine prevalence...

There is growing evidence to support the beneficial effects of supplementing direct-fed microbials (DFM) on performance, health status, and immune responses weaned pigs. Therefore, objective this study was investigate dietary supplementation Bacillus subtilis (DSM 25841) growth diarrhea, gut permeability immunity pigs experimentally infected with a pathogenic F-18 Escherichia coli (E. coli). The F18 E. infection reduced (P < 0.05) performance intestinal villi height, whereas increased...

Background Although a wealth of literature points to the importance social factors on health, detailed understanding complex interplay between and biological systems is lacking. Social status one aspect life that made up multiple structural (humans: income, education; animals: mating system, dominance rank) relational components (perceived status, interactions). In nonhuman primate model we use novel network techniques decouple two rank (a commonly used measure in animal models) certainty...

In social animals, group living may impact the risk of infectious disease acquisition in two ways. On one hand, connectedness puts individuals at greater or susceptibility for acquiring enteric pathogens via contact-mediated transmission. Yet conversely, strongly bonded societies like humans and some nonhuman primates, having close connections strong ties support can also socially buffer against transmissibility agents. Using network analyses, we assessed potentially competing roles...

This study investigated the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) of Escherichia coli ( E. ) in Nile tilapia from fresh markets supermarkets. A total samples n = 828) were collected including fish flesh 276), liver kidney intestine 276). Overall fecal coliforms (61.6%) (53.0%) observed. High was found (71.4%), followed by (45.7%). The highest commonly against tetracycline (78.5%), ampicillin (72.8%), sulfamethoxazole (45.6%) with to only (15.2%) as most common antibiogram. multidrug...

Populations of feral pigs (Sus scrofa) may serve as an environmental reservoir Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts and Giardia sp. cysts for source water. We conducted a cross-sectional study to determine the prevalence associated demographic risk factors shedding C. cysts. Feral were either live-trapped or dispatched from 10 populations located along coastal mountains western California, fecal samples obtained immunofluorescence detection found that 12 (5.4%) 17 (7.6%) 221 cysts, respectively....

Abstract Objective —To estimate cat population size, management, and outside fecal deposition evaluate attitudes of owners nonowners to stray animal control, water pollution, wildlife protection. Design —Cross-sectional survey. Sample Population —294 adult residents Cayucos, Los Osos, Morro Bay, Calif. Procedures —Telephone Results —The region's was estimated at 7,284 owned 2,046 feral cats, 38% surveyed households a mean 1.9 cats/household. Forty-four percent cats defecated &gt;75% the...

ABSTRACT The association of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts with suspended particles can alter the oocysts' effective physical properties and influence their transport in aquatic systems. To assess this behavior, C. were mixed various sediments under a variety water chemical conditions, resulting settling was observed. Direct microscopic observations showed that attached to sediments. Settling column batch experiments demonstrated are removed from suspension at much higher rate when...

Complex transport behavior other than advection‐dispersion, simple retardation, and first‐order removal has been observed in many biocolloid experiments porous media. Such nonideal is particularly evident the late time elution of biocolloids at low concentrations. Here we present a series saturated column that were designed to measure breakthrough long‐term Cryptosporidium parvum medium sand for few thousand pore volumes after initial source oocysts was removed. For wide range ionic...