We report on the first unambiguous observation of macroscopic quantum tunneling (MQT) in a single submicron ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{2}{\mathrm{Sr}}_{2}{\mathrm{CaCu}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{8+\ensuremath{\delta}}$ surface intrinsic Josephson junction (IJJ) by measuring its temperature-dependent switching current distribution. All relevant parameters were determined situ classical regime and used to predict behavior IJJ via MQT theory. Experimental results agree quantitatively with theoretical predictions,...

Objective: To investigate the current state of caring behavior among nursing students in a 3A hospital and analyze its influencing factors. Methods: A convenient sampling method was employed to survey 157 from October 2023 March 2024, using self-designed general data questionnaire Chinese version Caring Behavior Scale. Results: The score 102.39 ± 14.42. Among three dimensions, highest observed “respect connection” (40.29 6.65), while lowest “knowledge skill” (22.25 3.53). Statistically...

Climate change is recognized to directly and indirectly affect groundwater systems. However, the mechanisms through which climate influences temperature (GWT), particularly how seasonal variations mediate these effects, remain incompletely understood. This study utilized high-temporal-resolution (hourly) data by parameterizing levels (GWLs) instantaneous gradients model GWT, establishing Seasonally Adaptive Thermal Diffusivity Numerical Model (SATDNM). Through scenario analyses, potential...

The self-heating effect on intrinsic tunneling spectra (ITSs) is investigated using stacks of Josephson junctions (IJJs) in near optimally doped ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{2}{\mathrm{Sr}}_{2}\mathrm{Ca}{\mathrm{Cu}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{8+\ensuremath{\delta}}$ crystals. area the $S$ ranges from 12 down to $0.16\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\mu}{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$. For IJJs with larger $S$, ITSs are distorted by self-heating, but become progressively less size dependent as decreases submicrometer...

Intrinsic Josephson junctions on ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{2}{\mathrm{Sr}}_{2}{\mathrm{CaCu}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{8+\ensuremath{\delta}}$ superconductors are fabricated using an in situ low-temperature cleavage technique, which allows for the fabrication of well-controlled surface ${\mathrm{CuO}}_{2}$ double layers different doping levels. The low-voltage $I\text{\ensuremath{-}}V$ characteristics and $c$-axis conductivity properties discussed both...

Ground test for space berthing and docking mechanism plays crucial roles in their stable operation orbit. In this paper, a hardware-in-the-loop based ground system is presented economic reliability of small spacecraft. the system, support adapter unit employed to fix active part mechanism, end-effector manipulator connects passive part. The driven according relative motion calculated by model after gravity compensation, simulate space. A Smith predictor introduced control delays...

We present a tunneling study of the superconducting gap and pseudogap from near optimally doped submicron Bi${}_{2}$Sr${}_{2\ensuremath{-}x}$La${}_{x}$CuO${}_{6+\ensuremath{\delta}}$ intrinsic Josephson junctions whose self-heating is significantly suppressed. find that as temperature decreases develops around ${T}^{\ensuremath{\star}}$ $=$ 165 K while starts to open at ${T}_{c0}$ 40 K, which well above transition ${T}_{c}$ 30 K. discuss temperature-dependent properties phase phase. Our...

Abstract In aerospace ground test system, positioning accuracy estimation of spacecraft simulator has an important influence on the trajectory planning and obstacle avoidance optimization. this study, fusion strategy multi-laser-ranging-sensors is used to analyse principle laser ranging in simulator. On basis, effect measurement error analysed, theoretical derivation are performed. order accurately estimate accuracy, algorithm based Monte Carlo Anderson-Darling introduced. Finally,...

<title>Abstract</title> Most mining hydraulic systems use water-based emulsions as the transmission medium. However, low viscosity of fluids causes leakage, making proportional flow control in water challenging and preventing precise positioning cylinders. To achieve continuous fluids, this research proposes a novel backstepping adaptive controller integrated with an extended sliding mode observer (ESMO). By using additional pressure sensors, output two-stage high-speed on/off valve (TSHSV)...

Most mining hydraulic systems use water-based emulsions as the transmission medium. However, low viscosity of fluids causes leakage, making proportional flow control in water challenging and preventing precise positioning cylinders. To achieve continuous fluids, this research proposes a novel backstepping adaptive controller integrated with an extended sliding mode observer (ESMO). By using additional pressure sensors, output two-stage high-speed on/off valve (TSHSV) can be realized. The...

<title>Abstract</title> Water hydraulic systems face challenges in precise flow control due to the low viscosity of water-based liquids. High-speed on/off valves offer a solution by providing discrete outputs for liquids continuous control. This paper presents novel approach proportional these valves, focusing on estimating and controlling spool position using only current feedback. The proposed method integrates robust controller with high-gain extended state observer (HGESO). HGESO...

Properties of dilute pancake vortices on the surface ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{2}{\mathrm{Sr}}_{2}\mathrm{Ca}{\mathrm{Cu}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{8+\ensuremath{\delta}}$ superconductors are investigated by measuring field, temperature, and time dependencies critical current intrinsic Josephson junctions. It is found that pinning has two crossovers over entire temperature range in superconducting state. For temperatures below above $\ensuremath{\sim}20\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$, strong collective...

The feeding and weighing of oxidizer agents is the key process solid rocket motor propellant preparation, its accuracy directly affects burning performance motors. At present, existing multi-batch methods have problem low high time consumption agent. In this paper, an improved mass flow rate regulation method based on variable frequency control proposed to improve reduce consumption. nonlinear variation during opening closing air-operated pinch valve analyzed. periodic introduced establish...

We report tunneling spectra of near optimally doped Bi$_2$Sr$_2$CaCu$_2$O$_{8+δ}$ intrinsic Josephson junctions with area 0.09 $μ$m$^2$, which avoid some fundamental difficulties in the previous experiments and allow a stable temperature-dependent measurement. A d-wave Eliashberg analysis shows that spectrum at 4.2 K can be well fitted by considering electron couplings to bosonic magnetic resonance mode broad high-energy continuum. Above $T_c$, show clear pseudogap persists up 230 K,...