Rice (Oryza sativa) is the most aluminum (Al)-resistant crop species among small-grain cereals, but mechanisms responsible for this trait are still unclear. Using two rice cultivars differing in Al resistance, sp. japonica 'Nipponbare' (an Al-resistant cultivar) and indica 'Zhefu802' Al-sensitive cultivar), it was found that content root apex (0–10 mm) significantly lower than sensitive 'Zhefu802', with more of localized to cell walls indicating an exclusion mechanism operating 'Nipponbare'....

The cell wall (CW) has been recognized as the major target of aluminum (Al) toxicity. However, components responsible for Al accumulation and mechanisms Al-induced CW function disruption are still elusive. contribution different (pectin, hemicellulose 1 [HC1], HC2) to adsorb effect on xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolyase activity were investigated in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) this study. A fractionation procedure was optimized effectively extract components, especially prevent...

Xyloglucan endohydrolase (XEH) and xyloglucan endotransglucosylase (XET) activities, encoded by endotransglucosylase-hydrolase (XTH) genes, are involved in cell wall extension cutting or rejoining chains, respectively. However, the physiological significance of this biochemical activity remains incompletely understood. Here, we find that an XTH31 T-DNA insertion mutant, xth31, is more Al resistant than wild type. bound to plasma membrane encoding gene expressed root elongation zone nascent...

Oxalic acid secretion from roots is considered to be an important mechanism for aluminum (Al) resistance in buckwheat (Fygopyrum esculentum Moench). Nonetheless, only a single Al-resistant cultivar was used investigate the significance of oxalic detoxifying Al. In this study, we investigated two cultivars, Jiangxi (Al resistant) and Shanxi sensitive), which showed significant variation their Al stress. presence 0 100 microM Al, inhibition root elongation greater than that Jiangxi, content...

Phosphate transporters (PTs) mediate phosphorus uptake and are regulated at the transcriptional posttranslational levels. In one key mechanism of regulation, phosphorylation PTs affects their trafficking from endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to plasma membrane. However, kinase(s) mediating PT leading ER retention phosphorylated remain unclear. this study, we identified a rice (Oryza sativa) kinase subunit, CK2β3, which interacts with PT2 PT8 in yeast two-hybrid screen. Also, CK2α3/β3 holoenzyme...

ABSTRACT The mechanisms of heavy metal resistance in plants can be classified into internal tolerance and exclusion mechanisms, but metals with the help organic acids secretion has not been well documented. Here we demonstrated contribution oxalate to cadmium (Cd) tomato. Different Cd between two tomato cultivars was evaluated by relative root elongation (RRE) accumulation. Cultivar ‘Micro‐Tom’ showed better growth lower content roots than ‘Hezuo903’ at different concentrations only...

Abstract Background The family of NAC proteins (NAM, ATAF1/2, and CUC2) represent a class large plant-specific transcription factors. However, identification functional surveys genes tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum ) remain unstudied, despite the genome being decoded for several years. This study aims to identify gene investigate their potential roles in responding Al stress. Results Ninety-three were identified named accordance with chromosome location. Phylogenetic analysis found SlNACs are...

Summary Arsenic (As) contamination in a paddy environment can cause phytotoxicity and elevated As accumulation rice ( Oryza sativa ). The mechanism of detoxification is still poorly understood. We isolated an arsenate (As(V))‐sensitive mutant rice. Genomic resequencing complementation identified OsCLT1 , encoding CRT‐like transporter, as the causal gene for phenotype. localized to envelope membrane plastids. glutathione γ‐glutamylcysteine contents roots Osclt1 RNA interference lines were...

Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus is a notorious vector transmitting severe diseases such as Zika virus and West Nile to humans worldwide. Vermistatin type of funicon-like compound was first isolated from Penicillin vermiculatum in the 1970s. has shown promising activity against Cx. p. larvae our previous research. Here, we conducted transcriptomic analysis treated with median lethal concentration 28.13 mg/L vermistatin. Differential expression identified 1055 vermistatin-responsive genes, 477...

The primary phytotoxic effect of aluminum (Al) is confined to the root apex. It a matter debate whether injury Al toxicity apoplastic or symplastic. This review paper summarizes our current understanding spatial and metabolic sites phytotoxicity. At tissue level, meristematic, distal transition, apical elongation zones apex are most sensitive Al. cellular molecular many cell components implicated in including DNA nucleus, numerous cytoplastic compounds, plasma membrane, wall. Although it...

Two triticale cultivars ZC 237 (Al-resistant) and 1890 (Al-sensitive) were used to investigate the effects of 30 100 µM Al on antioxidative enzyme activity, lipid peroxidation cell wall composition. In 1890, root elongation was significantly inhibited after 1-h exposure 50 Al, changes in hemicellulose fraction clearly detected 2-h exposure, while peroxidase (POD) superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities increased 6-h malondialdehyde (MDA) content 12-h exposure. The similar patterns also found...

Al-activated organic acid anion efflux from roots is an important Al resistance mechanism in plants. We have conducted homologous cloning and isolated Vigna umbellata multidrug toxic compound extrusion (VuMATE), a gene encoding de novo citrate transporter rice bean. treatment up-regulated VuMATE expression the root apex, but neither mature region nor leaf. The degree of up-regulation was both partially concentration time dependent, consistent with delay onset Al-induced bean roots. While...

The negative charges of cell wall pectin molecules attributed by methylesterase (PME, EC 3.1.1.11) contribute to Al binding capacity. We examined the expression profiles 35 members PME gene family in root apex an Al-sensitive rice 'Zhefu802' under stress. While elongation was inhibited 40% after 3-h exposure 25 µM Al, activity and abundance eight genes transcripts were increased. same treatment which had almost no effect on Al-resistant ssp. japonica 'Nipponbare' did not change patterns...

Summary The rice bean ( Vigna umbellata ) root apex specifically secretes citrate through expression activation of Multidrug and Toxic Compound Extrusion 1 Vu MATE under aluminum (Al 3+ stress. However, the underlying mechanisms regulating remain unknown. We isolated characterized a gene encoding Sensitive to Proton Rhizotoxicity1 STOP 1)‐like protein, , from bean. role in was investigated using yeast one‐hybrid assay. function Al 3 + ‐ H ‐tolerance planta complementation assays....

Phosphate (Pi) uptake in plants depends on plasma membrane (PM)-localized phosphate transporters (PTs). OsCK2 phosphorylates PTs and inhibits their trafficking from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to PM rice (Oryza sativa), but how are dephosphorylated is unknown. We demonstrate that protein phosphatase type 2C (PP2C) OsPP95 interacts with OsPT2 OsPT8 dephosphorylates at Ser-517. Rice overexpressing reduced phosphorylation promoted ER PM, resulting Pi accumulation. Under Pi-sufficient...

SUMMARY Phosphate (Pi) is essential for plant growth and development. One strategy to improve Pi use efficiency enhance remobilization among leaves. Using transcriptome analysis with first (top) fourth (down) leaf blades from rice ( Oryza sativa ) in Pi‐sufficient deficient conditions, we identified 1384 genes differentially expressed these blades. These were involved physiological processes, metabolism, transport, photosynthesis. Moreover, the efflux transporter gene, OsPHO1;3 , responding...

Summary Here we report the function of a general regulatory factor, GENERAL REGULATORY FACTOR11 ( GRF 11), in terms iron (Fe) deficiency response. Physiological and molecular responses loss‐of‐function Arabidopsis thaliana grf11 mutant to Fe supply were investigated. Genes involved posttranscriptional regulation FER ‐ LIKE FE DEFICIENCY INDUCED TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR FIT ) also analyzed. In addition, link between signaling molecule nitric oxide NO was further dissected. Our results suggest...

Relying on Al-activated root oxalate secretion, and internal detoxification accumulation of Al, buckwheat is highly Al resistant. However, the molecular mechanisms responsible for these processes are still poorly understood. It well-known that apex critical region toxicity rapidly impairs a series events, thus, resulting in inhibition elongation. Here, we carried out transcriptome analysis (0-1 cm) with regards to early response (first 6 h) stress (20 μM), which crucial identification both...

Comprehensively controlling phytoplasma-associated jujube witches' broom (JWB) disease is extremely challenging for the industry. Although pathogenesis of phytoplasma has been highlighted in many plant species, release lateral buds from dormancy under JWB infection not characterized woody perennial jujube. Here, two 16SrV-B group effectors, SJP1 and SJP2, were experimentally determined to induce with increased branches. In vivo interaction subcellular localization analyses showed that both...

• Background and Aims Aluminium (Al) stimulates the efflux of citrate from apices rice bean (Vigna umbellata) roots. This response is delayed at least 3 h when roots are exposed to 50 µm Al, indicating that some inducible processes leading involved. The physiological bases responsible for were examined here.

Aluminium (Al) toxicity is one of the factors limiting crop production on acid soils. However, genotypic differences exist among plant species or cultivars in response to Al toxicity. This study aims investigate eight tatary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum) for resistance and explore possible mechanisms resistance.Al was evaluated based relative root elongation (root with Al/root without Al). Root apex content, pectin content exudation organic acids were determined compared.Genotypic...

Significant secretion of citrate from root apex rice bean (Vigna umbellata) is delayed by several hours under aluminium (Al) stress. However, the molecular basis regulation VuMATE1, a gene encoding an Al-activated transporter, remains unclear. In this study, we used suppression subtractive hybridization together with reverse northern blot analysis and qRT-PCR to identify genes altered transcript levels in after treatment low (5 μm) or high (25 concentration AlCl(3) for short time (4 h). We...