How do International Monetary Fund programs and conditions affect labor rights? Recognizing the diversity of conditionality, we argue that more stringent market conditionality is, worse rights become. However, this negative effect can be mitigated if there exist domestic political institutions have incentives abilities to provide protections over workers: one such case is a closed-list proportional representation system; another leftist government relies on supports workers. Our empirical...

Since the end of Cold War, ASEAN has continuously increased its level integration into global economy to enhance regional economic prosperity and stability. Given conceptual fluidity security in international relations, however, ASEAN's firm commitment promoting positive synergies between interests warrants further attention. In this vein, article examines evolving nature with a focus on initiatives, including trade agreements Economic Community. The suggests that can maximize potential for...

Why do some declining industries receive more compensation through protectionist policies than others, even without actively engaging in lobbying? How does the political representation of affect their chances for relief? This paper argues that parties seek to optimize electoral returns strategic allocation distributive benefits generated by trade barriers. The inter-industry structure protection is thus explained interaction between industries’ preferences and characteristics. Using data on...

¿Los programas y las condiciones del Fondo Monetario Internacional (FMI) perjudican los derechos laborales de países que participan programas? Los críticos FMI sostienen participar dicha institución es perjudicial a laborales, ya el intenta imponer políticas proempresa través condicionalidades en ocasiones un país no tiene otra opción programa. En contraposición, la gestión ha reforzado su discurso cuanto manera intentan impulsar crecimiento inclusivo, empleo productivo protección población...

Despite a vast literature on clientelism, the impact of Information and Communications Technology (ICT) clientelistic exchanges remains understudied. In order to fill that gap, we examine whether politicians disproportionately direct private transfers mobile phone users, who can easily share persuasive messages with their communication partners thus provide cascading benefits. Analyzing data from fifth wave Afrobarometer survey, find users are indeed more likely be targeted chances being...