Repeated retrieval of a subset previously observed events can cause forgetting the nonretrieved events. We examined how affective states experienced during modulate such retrieval-induced by inducing positive, negative, and neutral moods in subjects immediately before they attempted to retrieve studied items. On basis recent work, we hypothesized that positive encourage relational processing, which should increase interference from related thus enhance forgetting. By contrast, negative...

Background Based on introspectionist, semantic, and psychophysiological experimental frameworks, it has long been assumed that all affective states derive from two independent basic dimensions, valence arousal. However, until now, no study investigated whether arousal are also dissociable at the level of affect-related changes in cognitive processing. Methodology/Principal Findings We examined how both (negative vs. positive) (low high) influence performance tasks requiring executive control...

Abstract In the current society, boredom has a bad reputation. Among others, one reason is that negative predictor for cognitive performance due to detrimental effects on attention and engagement. Recently, however, reputation been challenged by studies showing seems promote creativity. However, those examined influence of incidental apparently unrelated creativity tasks, leaving it open question what happens when individual gets bored task itself. To examine this issue, participants...

Numerous studies have shown that memory is enhanced for emotionally negative and positive information relative to neutral information. We examined whether emotion-induced enhancement influenced by low-level perceptual attributes such as color. Because in everyday life red often used a warning signal, whereas green signals security, we hypothesized might enhance To capture the signaling function of colors, measured words standing out from context color, manipulated color emotional...

Research has shown that negative affect reduces working memory capacity. Commonly, this effect been attributed to an allocation of resources task-irrelevant thoughts, suggesting detrimental consequences for performance. However, rather than simply being a effect, the affect-induced capacity reduction may reflect trading precision stored representations. To test hypothesis, we induced neutral or and concurrently measured number representations in sensory memory. Compared with affect, reduced...

Background This study estimates the burden of COVID-19 on mortality in Germany. It is expected that many people have died because new virus who otherwise would not died. Estimating pandemic by number officially reported COVID-19-related deaths has been proven to be difficult due several reasons. Because this, a better approach, which used studies, estimate calculating excess for years. An advantage such an approach additional negative impacts are covered as well, possible pandemic-induced...

Numerous studies indicate that observing or knowing about another's action automatically activates the same motor representations are active when we perform other's by ourselves. We investigated how affect influences this mirror mechanism. Based upon findings positive encourages and negative impairs spreading activation, hypothesised should increase decrease automatic co-representation of other individuals' actions during jointly performed tasks. Recent research has shown joint-action...

Previous research has shown that humorous reappraisal can reduce elicited negative emotions, suggesting humor may be a functional strategy to cope with emotionally situations. However, the effect of on later memory about emotion-eliciting situation is currently unknown, although this crucial for more adaptive responding in future To address issue, we examined effects both emotional experience and memory, compared non-humorous rational non-reappraisal control condition. Replicating previous...

The question of how many our perceptual experiences are stored in long-term memory has received considerable attention. present study examined for haptic experiences. Blindfolded participants haptically explored 168 everyday objects (e.g., a pen) 10 s each. In blindfolded test, they indicated which two from the same basic-level category different pens) had been touched before. As shown Experiment 1 ( N = 26), was nearly perfect when tested immediately after exploration (94%) and still high...

Basic experimental research in psychology is based on the assumption that law-like behavior can be observed if complexity of human psyche reduced by creation settings which simple psychical phenomena occur reflect effect an isolated psychological mechanism. However, we show this does not hold for many studied basic because even are regarded as and fully controllable often fluctuate unpredictably a function unintentionally chosen details setting. The reason complex system like psyche,...

Forster et al. demonstrated that school teachers' well-being is related to their educational goals and experienced emotions for students showing undesirable behaviors: the higher more positive emotions, reported well-being. By contrast, desirable behaviors was unrelated These findings principle of "bad stronger than good" extends influence student behavior on teacher The present study examined whether this also applies kindergarten teachers who typically focus strongly social-emotional...

When a visual stimulus is quickly followed in time by second stimulus, we are normally unable to perceive it consciously. This study examined how affective states influence this temporal limit of conscious perception. Using masked perception task, found that the threshold for access consciousness decreased negative mood and increased positive mood. To identify brain mechanisms associated with effect, analysed oscillations. The mood-induced differences performance were ongoing alpha power...

Previous research has shown that emotional stimuli are more likely than neutral to be selected by attention, indicating the processing of information is prioritized. In this study, we examined whether significance influences visual already at level transient storage incoming in iconic memory, before attentional selection takes place. We used a typical memory task which delay poststimulus cue, several reported, was varied. Performance decreased rapidly with increasing cue delay, reflecting...

Experimental studies have shown that testing promotes better long-term retention than repeated rereading. Regarding implications for educational practice, based on a survey study seemingly showing students prefer rereading over when studying [Karpicke, J. D., Butler, A. C., & Roediger, H. L. (2009). Metacognitive strategies in student learning: Do practise retrieval they their own? Memory, 17, 471–479. doi:10.1080/09658210802647009], it has been concluded increasing the number of tests may...

Repeatedly retrieving a subset of previously studied items can cause forgetting related non-retrieved material. We examined whether such retrieval-induced holds also for negative Participants neutral and stimuli then repeatedly retrieved the Later, recall test was conducted in which participants were asked to all items. On average, retrieval practice on caused same amount items, indicating that emotionality material does not affect forgetting. More detailed analysis, however, revealed...

Research has shown that positive affect increases the breadth of information processing at several higher stages processing, such as attentional selection or knowledge activation. In present study, we examined whether these affective influences are already level transiently storing incoming in sensory memory, before takes place. After inducing neutral, happy, sad affect, participants performed an iconic memory task which measures visual memory. all conditions, performance rapidly decreased...

Both evolutionary considerations and recent research suggest that the color red serves as a signal indicating an object's importance. However, until now, there is no evidence this signaling function of also reflected in human memory. To examine effect on memory, we conducted four experiments which presented objects colored different colors (red, green, blue, yellow) measured later memory for presence object object. Across experiments, varied type (words vs. pictures), task complexity (single...

Based on numerous studies showing that testing studied material can improve long-term retention more than restudying the same material, it is often suggested number of tests in education should be increased to enhance knowledge acquisition. However, real-life educational settings entails a high degree extrinsic motivation learners due common practice placing important consequences outcome test. Such an effect may undermine beneficial effects memory because has been shown reduce quality...