Unplanned optional stopping rules have been criticized for inflating Type I error rates under the null hypothesis significance testing (NHST) paradigm. Despite these criticisms, this research practice is not uncommon, probably because it appeals to researcher's intuition collect more data push an indecisive result into a decisive region. In contribution, we investigate properties of procedure Bayesian that allows with unlimited multiple testing, even after each participant. procedure, which...

Three experiments examined whether salient color singleton distractors automatically interfere with the detection form targets in visual search (e.g., J. Theeuwes, 1992), or degree of interference is top-down modulable. In Experiments 1 and 2, observers started a pure block trials, which contained either never distractor always (0% 100% distractors)--varying opportunity to learn suppression. subsequent trial blocks, proportion was systematically varied (within-subjects factor Experiment 1,...

Targets in a visual search task are detected faster if they appear probable target region as compared to less region, an effect which has been termed "probability cueing." The present study investigated whether probability cueing cannot only speed up detection, but also minimize distraction by distractors distractor regions regions. To this end, three experiments with salient, task-irrelevant, ("additional singleton") were conducted. Experiment 1 demonstrated that observers can utilize...

The notion of a saliency-based processing architecture [1] underlying human vision is central to number current theories visual selective attention [e.g., 2]. On this view, focal-attention guided by an overall-saliency map the scene, which integrates (sums) signals from pre-attentive sensory feature-contrast computations (e.g., for color, motion, etc.). By linking Posterior Contralateral Negativity (PCN) component reaction time (RT) performance, we tested one specific prediction such...

How can choice, confidence, and response times be modeled simultaneously? Here, we propose the new dynamical weighted evidence visibility (dynWEV) model, an extension of drift-diffusion model decision-making, to account for choices, reaction times, confidence simultaneously. The decision process in a binary perceptual task is described as Wiener accumulating sensory about choice options bounded by two constant thresholds. To judgments, assume period postdecisional accumulation parallel...

Abstract Historically, visual search models were mainly evaluated based on their account of mean reaction times (RTs) and accuracy data. More recently, Wolfe, Palmer, Horowitz (2010) have demonstrated that the shape entire RT distributions imposes important constraints theories can falsify even successful such as guided search, raising a challenge to computational search. Competitive is novel model meets this challenge. The an adaptation featuring series item selection identification...

Background Based on introspectionist, semantic, and psychophysiological experimental frameworks, it has long been assumed that all affective states derive from two independent basic dimensions, valence arousal. However, until now, no study investigated whether arousal are also dissociable at the level of affect-related changes in cognitive processing. Methodology/Principal Findings We examined how both (negative vs. positive) (low high) influence performance tasks requiring executive control...

When searching for a "pop-out" target, interference from salient but irrelevant distractor can be reduced or even prevented under certain circumstances. Here, five experiments were conducted to further our understanding of three different aspects top-down reduction: first, whether not qualitatively search modes account reduction patterns; second, practice plays causal role in reduction; and third, how specific is, that by intradimensional distractors as effectively cross-dimensional...

Visual search for feature singletons is slowed when a task-irrelevant, but more salient distracter singleton concurrently presented. While there consensus that this interference effect can be influenced by internal system settings, it remains controversial at what stage of processing influence starts to affect visual coding. Advocates the "stimulus-driven" view maintain initial sweep entirely driven physical stimulus attributes and top-down settings bias only after selection most item. By...

Visual context information can guide attention in demanding (i.e., inefficient) search tasks. When participants are repeatedly presented with identically arranged ('repeated') displays, reaction times faster relative to newly composed ('non-repeated') displays. The present article examines whether this 'contextual cueing' effect operates also simple efficient) tasks and if so, there it influences target, rather than response, selection. results were that singleton-feature targets detected...

Searching for an object among distracting objects is a common daily task.These searches differ in efficiency.Some are so difficult that each must be inspected turn, whereas others easy the target directly catches observer's eye.In four experiments, difficulty of searching orientation-defined was parametrically manipulated between blocks trials via target-distractor orientation contrast.We observed smooth transition from inefficient to efficient search with increasing contrast.When contrast...

Unplanned optional stopping rules have been criticized for inflating Type I error rates under the null hypothesis significance testing (NHST) paradigm. Despite these criticisms this research practice is not uncommon, probably as it appeals to researcher’s intuition collect more data in order push an indecisive result into a decisive region. In contribution we investigate properties of procedure Bayesian that allows with unlimited multiple testing, even after each participant. procedure,...

In several visual tasks, participants report that they feel confident about discrimination responses at a level of stimulation which would not seeing the stimulus. How general and reliable is this effect? We compared subjective reports confidence visibility in an orientation task with varying stimulus contrast. Participants applied more liberal criteria for than visibility. While were efficient predicting trial accuracy visibility, only but associated contrast incorrect trials. It argued...

Is confidence in perceptual decisions generated by the same brain processes as decision itself, or does require metacognitive following up on decision? In a masked orientation task with varying stimulus-onset-asynchrony, we used EEG and cognitive modelling to trace timing of neural correlates confidence. Confidence reported human observers increased stimulus-onset-asynchrony correct lesser degree incorrect trials, pattern incompatible established models Electrophysiological activity was...

Current accounts of attentional capture predict the most salient stimulus to be invariably selected first. However, existing salience and visual search models assume noise in map computation or selection process. Consequently, they first stochastically dependent on salience, implying that attention could even captured by second (instead salient) field. Yet, less distractors has not been reported salience-based claim distractor more order attention. We tested this prediction using an...

Abstract The redundant-signals effect (RSE) refers to a speed-up of RT when the response is triggered by two, rather than just one, response-relevant target elements. Although there agreement that in visual modality RSEs observed with dimensionally redundant signals originating from same location are generated coactive processing architectures, has been debate as exact stage(s)—preattentive versus postselective—of at which coactivation arises. To determine origin(s) redundancy gains pop-out...

Pop-out search implies that the target is always first item selected, no matter how many distractors are presented. However, increasing evidence indicates not entirely independent of display density even for pop-out targets: slower with sparse (few distractors) than dense displays (many distractors). Despite its significance, cause this anomaly remains unclear. We investigated several mechanisms could slow down targets. Consistent assumption targets frequently fail to pop out in displays, we...