Social and economic exchanges often occur between strangers who cannot rely on past behavior or the prospect of future interactions to establish mutual trust. Game theorists formalize this problem as a one-shot prisoner's dilemma predict noncooperation. Recent studies, however, challenge conclusion. If game provides an option exit (or refuse play), strategies based projection (of player's intentions) detection intentions stranger) can confer cooperator's advantage. Yet previous research has...

Preface 1: Macrostructural Concepts 2: Formal Theory of Population Structure 3: Testing Theoretical Implications 4: Occupational Chances 5: Structural Context and Organizations 6: Social Exchange 7: Historical Developments Bibliography Author Index Subject

This book describes the progression and results of a decade-long program experimental research on power in social exchange relations. Exchange theorists have traditionally excluded punishment coercion from scope their analyses; but Molm examines whether theory can be expanded to include reward coercive power. Working within framework Emerson's power-dependence theory, also drawing decision concepts strategic action loss aversion, develops tests that emphasizes interdependence Her work shows...

We evaluate four theories that predict the distribution of power in exchange networks.All theories-core theory, equidependence exchange-resistance and expected value theory-assume actors rationally pursue self-interests.Three add social psychological assumptions place pursuit self interest an interactive context.Predictions earnings by are evaluated against data from eight experimental networks, including types networks not previously studied.These vary conditions affect chances a position...

We extend network exchange theory (Markovsky, Willer, and Patton 1988) to accommodate a new class of power phenomena.Previous research have shown that structural configurations in some networks promote or inhibit opportunities, leading robust resource differentials.The extension identifies basis for subtler forms differentiation.Using computer simulations laboratory experiments, we show the degree which this "weak power" is manifested accumulations conditioned by local global patterns,...

We describe and illustrate methodology for comparing networks from diverse settings. Our empirical base consists of 42 four kinds species (humans, nonhuman primates, nonprimate mammals, birds) covering distinct types relations such as influence, grooming, agonistic encounters. The general problem is to determine whether are similarly structured despite their surface differences. we propose generally applicable the characterization comparison network-level social structures across multiple...

This article presents a dynamic model for the formation of status orders in small task groups whose members may be differnetiated by diffuse characteristic. theoretical strategy embodies " E-state structuralism," wich unites social psychological formalism expectation states theory with network research. Using development hierarchies via differential participation group discussion, formal synthesizes (a) conceptual structure Fisek, Berger, and Norman, (b) Balkwell's formula effects on...

This paper examines some of the factors which determine how people know each other and is a preliminary attempt to discover rules govern such interactions. An informant-defined experiment was conducted elicit information about person needed by individuals in small U.S. university town choose their acquaintances most likely that person. We found, as with previous experiment, knowledge person's location, occupation, hobbies, organizations, age, sex, marital status sufficient for this task....

Abstract Women and underrepresented minority (URM) undergraduates declare complete science, technology, engineering, mathematics majors at different rates in comparison to majority groups. Explanations of these differences have long been deficit oriented, focusing on aptitude or similar characteristics, but more recent work focuses institutional contexts, such as academic climate feelings belonging (fit). This study examines the experiences women URM students engineering undergraduate...

Once confined to networks in which dyads could be reasonably assumed independent, the statistical analysis of network data has blossomed recent years. New modeling and estimation strategies have made it possible propose evaluate very complex structures dependency between among ties social networks. These advances focused exclusively on one-mode networks—that is, direct actors. We generalize these models affiliation networks, actors are tied each other only indirectly through belonging some...

Sociologists have begun to explore the gains for theory and research that might be achieved by artificial intelligence technology: symbolic processors, expert systems, neural networks, genetic algorithms, classifier systems. The first major accomplishments of social (ASI) been in realm theory, where these techniques inspired new theories as well helping render existing more rigorous. Two application areas which ASI holds great promise are sociological analysis written texts data retrieval...

Blau's (1977) theory uses properties of macro social structure to deduce micro structure, the network observed relations among individuals. This paper continues work Fararo (1981) in providing a formal linkage between these two levels using concepts biased net theory. The application provides versions major theorems that uncover implications not readily apparent from his verbal presentation, permits extension beyond characteristics along which preferences for ingroup association exist ones...

Online gaming is a multi-billion dollar industry that entertains large, global population. One unfortunate phenomenon, however, poisons the competition and spoils fun: cheating. The costs of cheating span from industry-supported expenditures to detect limit it, victims’ monetary losses due cyber crime. This article studies cheaters in Steam Community, an online social network built on top world’s dominant digital game delivery platform. We collected information about more than 12 million...

Interethnic and intergroup social ties are critical to knitting together increasingly diverse societies into cohesive wholes. Yet their formation faces the homophily hurdle: important intimate tend be established disproportionately between those sharing significant attributes. In spirit of analytical sociology, author explores two mechanisms that could drive intra- relations: attraction similar versus repulsion from dissimilar others. The models differ in predictions as illustrated by data...

Abstract Background Social capital, defined as the people one knows and resources available through that network of people, has been a key variable in research examining participation women underrepresented minority students science, technology, engineering, mathematics (STEM). This study focuses on two types social capital: instrumental (concrete advice resources) expressive (emotional support encouragement). The analysis interviews with 55 White men engineering undergraduate shows how...

Network exchange theory predicts relative profits from negotiations among actors in social networks (Markovsky et al. 1993; Markovsky, Willer & Patton 1988). Here we extend the to allow exact predictions, rather than merely ordinal, for actors' profits. This is accomplished by integrating two important factors. First, a resistance model bilateral negotiation outcomes within given set of network constraints. It does so weighing interests gaining best possible exchanges against their desires...

This paper unifies two strands of theoretical method in sociology. On the one hand, structuralist or network program research involves fundamental rule that basic data and analytic procedures sociology must focus on social relations. leads to theories about structural stabililty change, for example, although approach generally has been stronger technique than explanatory theory. An interest explanation is basis second method, which drawn from expectation states program: namely, idea a...

A mathematical model of participation in n-person groups, derived from expectation states theory by Skvoretz (a), was tested six-person task-oriented groups with systematically varying sex compositions. The undergraduate subjects performed a task modeled after that used Fisek. Videotapes were made group interactions and later coded for participation, interruptions, conversational overlaps. fits the data poorly (as measured Chi-square goodness-of-fit test), primarily because there much more...

As part of a longitudinal research effort that examines the influence social capital on differential persistence and retention among undergraduate engineering majors, this study how degree-related differs for first-year students by gender ethno-racial groups. Social is operationalized as person's network relationships with individuals who hold influential positions (e.g. parent, teacher, advisers) access to resources support in programs. Our data comprise survey responses from 2186 students,...

Calls for science education reform have been made decades in the USA. The recent call to produce one million new science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) graduates over 10 years highlights need employ evidence-based instructional practices (EBIPs) undergraduate STEM classes create engaging effective learning environments. EBIPs are teaching strategies that empirically demonstrated positively impact student learning, attitudes, achievement disciplines. However, mechanisms processes...

Undergraduates with sexual and/or gender minority (SGM) identities, including lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer/questioning, pansexual, intersexual, asexual, or additional positionalities, often face an unwelcoming STEM microclimate. The microclimate includes the places students experience, such as classrooms labs, and people, peers professors, whom they discuss their program. While previous work offers a framework of microaggressions faced by SGM behavioral, cognitive, emotional...

This paper proposes a formal mode of representation and corresponding way thinking about institutionalized social action. It draws its representational technique subject from several sources, including systems theory, cognitive science, structuralism. is based on the idea that model involves proposed generative mechanism for observable patterns action such generator must be system rules. We discuss philosophical sociological presuppositions our proposal, then outline in detail illustrate...

The synthesis of discrete theories and principles to generate ever more comprehensive unified general theory is fundamental theoretical science. This paper, after introducing the authors' conception what such a process involves, combines two structural theories: Blau's macrosociological, social differentiation Granovetter's strength-of-weak-ties principle. Each was previously formalized within common biased-net mathematical framework. These formalizations are integrated single approach study...