A satisfactory understanding of the clavicle development may be contributing to both diagnosis its congenital defects and prevention perinatal damage shoulder girdle. This study was carried out examine transverse sagittal diameters, cross-sectional area volume two fused primary ossification centers clavicle.Using methods CT, digital-image analysis statistics, size for in 42 spontaneously aborted human fetuses at ages 18-30 weeks studied.Without any male-female right-left significant...

The fetal liver is indubitably the earliest and most severely affected organ by abnormal growth. size of assessed three-dimensional ultrasonography indispensable in determining status growth, nutrition maturity, early recognition monitoring micro- macrosomias. aim present study was to measure human length, transverse sagittal diameters establish their age-specific reference intervals, 3rd, 10th, 50th, 90th, 97th smoothed centile curves, relative growth calculated for 50th centile.Using...

The purpose of the study was to quantitatively evaluate size quadratus lumborum and precisely display its growth dynamics in human foetus.Using anatomical dissection, digital-image analysis (NIS Elements AR 3.0) statistical (Student's t test, regression analysis), length, width, surface area, cross-sectional area were measured, width-to-length ratio calculated 58 foetuses both sexes (26♂, 32♀) aged 16-27 weeks.Neither sex nor right-left significant differences found relation with numerical...

Early clinical distinction of congenital defects in the femur is extremely important, as it determines prognosis development lower limb. This study was performed to quantitatively examine primary center ossification femoral shaft with respect its linear, planar, and volumetric parameters. Using methods CT, digital-image analysis, statistics, size 47 spontaneously aborted human fetuses aged 17–30 weeks studied. With no sex laterality differences, best fit growth dynamics for modelled by...

The triceps brachii muscle, the strongest extensor of elbow joint, is characterized by three heads: long, lateral and medial.In present study we aimed to examine linear parameters (length, width) fetal muscle provide their growth dynamics.Using anatomical dissection, digital image analysis (Multiscan v.14.02), statistics (Student's t-test, regression analysis) measured in mm length width 30 fetuses both sexes (12♂,18♀) aged 12-29 weeks.Neither sex nor laterality differences were found. All...

Background. The trapezius muscle consists of three parts that are capable functioning independently. Its superior part together with the levator scapulae and rhomboids elevate shoulder, middle retracts scapula, while inferior lowers shoulder.Objectives. present study aimed to supplement numerical data provide growth dynamics in human fetus.Material Methods. Using methods anatomical dissection, digital image analysis (NIS Elements AR 3.0), statistics (Student’s t-test, regression analysis),...

Using anatomical, hydrostatic, and statistical methods, liver volumes were assessed in 69 human fetuses of both sexes aged 18-30 weeks. No sex differences found. The median volume achieved by hydrostatic measurements increased from 6.57 cm(3) at 18-21 weeks through 14.36 22-25 to 20.77 26-30 weeks, according the following regression: y = -26.95 + 1.74 × age ± Z (-3.15 0.27 age). calculated indirectly formula 0.55 length transverse diameter sagittal 12.41 28.21 49.69 There was a strong...

The knowledge of the developing cervical spine and its individual vertebrae, including their neural processes may be useful in diagnostics congenital vertebral malformations. This study was performed to quantitatively examine ossification centers atlas axis with respect linear, planar volumetric parameters.Using methods CT, digital-image analysis statistics, size 55 spontaneously aborted human fetuses aged 17-30 weeks studied.Without any male-female right-left significant differences, best...

Precise morphometric data on the development of ossification centers in human fetuses may be useful early detection skeletal dysplasias associated with delayed center and mineralization. The present study was performed to quantitatively examine primary fibular shaft respect its linear, planar volumetric parameters.Using methods CT, digital-image analysis (Osirix 3.9 MD) statistics (Student's t-test, Shapiro-Wilk, Fisher's test, Tukey's Kruskal-Wallis regression analysis), size 47...

Abstract Purposes Detailed morphometric data on the development of ossification centers in human fetuses is useful early detection skeletal dysplasias associated with a delayed and their mineralization. Quantitative analysis primary cranial bones sporadic due to limited availability fetal material. Material methods The size center frontal squama 37 (16 males 21 females) spontaneously aborted aged 18–30 weeks was studied by means CT, digital-image statistics. Results With neither sex nor...

CT-based quantitative analysis of any ossification center in the cranium has not previously been carried out due to limited availability human fetal material. Detailed morphometric data on development centers fetus may be useful early detection congenital defects. Ossification disorders are associated with either a delayed or their mineralization. These aberrations result formation accessory skull bones that differ shape and size, incidence which misdiagnosed as, e.g., fractures. The study...

Computed tomography (CT)-based quantitative analysis of primary ossification centres in the cranium has not been carried out to date due limited availability foetal human material. Detailed morphometric data about development foetuses may be useful early detection developmental defects. Understanding growth and occipital bone is crucial assessing normal pathological cranial base, as a whole.The study material comprised 37 (16 males 21 females) aged 18-30 weeks gestation. Using CT, digital...

An understanding of the development ilium’s primary ossification center may be useful in both determining fetal stage and maturity, for detecting congenital disorders. This study was performed to quantitatively examine with respect its linear, planar volumetric parameters. Using methods CT, digital-image analysis statistics, size 42 spontaneously aborted human fetuses crown–rump length (CRL) ranged from 130 265 mm (aged 18–30 weeks) studied. With no sex laterality differences, best fit...

Tibial shaft ossification in terms of its size and growth may be criticalin describing both the fetal stage maturity, identifying innate disorders. The present study was executed to quantitatively assess tibial shaft, taking morphometric linear, planar volumetric parameters into account.With use methods CT, digital-image analysis statistics, evolutionof 47 spontaneously aborted human fetuses at age 17-30 weeks studied.Without any male-female right-left differences, best fit dynamics...

Details concerning the normal growth of pelvic girdle in fetus are importance early detection congenital defects. This study was executed to quantitatively evaluate primary ossification center ischium with relation its linear, planar and volumetric parameters.Using methods CT, digital-image analysis, statistics, geometrical dimensions ischium's 42 spontaneously aborted human fetuses (21 ♂ 21 ♀) aged 18-30 weeks were calculated.With no sex laterality differences, best fit dynamics for...

Understanding liver growth is relevant in both determining the status of normative fetal development and prenatal detection its disorders.This study attempted to examine age-specific reference intervals best-fit dynamics visceral surface for hepatic height, length, isthmic diameter, oblique diameters, circumferences individual lobes, total circumference.Using anatomical, digital statistical methods, was measured 69 human fetuses sexes (32 males 37 females) aged 18-30 weeks, derived from...

The present article concentrates on an innovative analysis that was performed to assess the development of femur in human fetuses using artificial intelligence. As a prerequisite, linear dimensions, cross-sectional surface areas and volumes femoral shaft primary ossification center 47 aged 17–30 weeks, originating from spontaneous miscarriages preterm deliveries, were evaluated with use advanced imaging techniques such as computed tomography digital image analysis. In order ensure data...

Introduction Age-specific reference intervals for the extensor digiti minimi muscle (EDMM) in human fetus may be relevant detailed evaluation of musculoskeletal systems with potential aspects surgical treatment. The aim study was to examine age-specific and growth dynamics EDMM relation its length, width, projection surface area volume. Material methods examined material included 70 formalin-fixed fetuses both sexes (37♀, 33♂) aged from 17 29 weeks. With use anatomical dissection every...

Skeletodysplasiae and hereditary dysostoses constitute a group of over 350 disorders the skeletal system. Knowledge about development pubic primary ossification center may be useful in both determining fetal stage maturity, for detecting congenital disorders. The present study was performed to quantitatively examine with respect its linear, planar, volumetric parameters.Using methods computed tomography (CT), digital-image analysis statistics, size 33 spontaneously aborted human fetuses (18...

The popliteal fossa presents an extensive diamond-shaped topographical element on the posterior aspect of knee. With use classical anatomical dissection, digital image analysis NIS Elements AR 3.0 and statistics we morphometrically analyzed size in human fetuses aged 17–29 weeks gestation. Morphometric parameters increased logarithmically with fetal age: y = –44.421 + 24.301 × ln (Age) for length superomedial boundary, –41.379 22.777 superolateral –39.019 20.981 inferomedial –37.547 20.319...

The study presents one of the six scapulohumeral muscles, which occupies most osteofibrous infraspinatus compartment. Along with supraspinatus, teres minor and subscapularis muscle contributes to rotator cuff. It protects posterior aspect articular capsule shoulder joint, adducts externally rotates arm. aim was perform quantitative analysis in human fetuses elaborate growth dynamics for its morphometric parameters.

Using anatomical, digital, and statistical methods we examined the three-dimensional growth of lungs in 67 human fetuses aged 16–25 weeks. The lung dimensions revealed no sex differences. transverse sagittal diameters base circumference were greater right while lengths anterior posterior margins height left lungs. best-fit curves for all parameters natural logarithmic models. transverse-to-sagittal diameter ratio remained stable averaged<mml:math...

The inferior lumbar triangle of Petit is bounded by the iliac crest, lateral border latissimus dorsi and medial external oblique.In present study, we aimed to quantitatively examine base, sides, area, interior angles in human fetus so as provide their growth dynamics.Using anatomical dissection, digital image analysis (NIS-Elements AR 3.0), statistics (Student's t-test, regression analysis), measured 2 area Petit's 35 fetuses both sexes (16 male, 19 female) aged 14-24 weeks.Neither sex nor...