We study a supply chain of manufacturer selling to two asymmetric retailers engaged in inventory (order quantity) competition the presence demand uncertainty and an exogenously given retail price. The effective each retailer includes its primary reallocated from competitor. model salient features causing asymmetry: (i) weak is capital‐constrained (ii) bargaining power dominant implies that it enjoys lower wholesale offers trade credit weak, retailer. show such can be used by as strategic...

Abstract This paper examines the impact of retailer's risk aversion on equilibrium strategies and channel coordination in presence consumers’ low‐carbon preference. The stochastic market demand is dependent carbon reduction level, advertisement for products their interplay. mean‐CVaR criterion adopted to measure risk‐averse objective. Stackelberg order quantity advertising level are derived. We find that manufacturer's investment can encourage retailer put more effort into increase quantity....

The financing of supply chains involves decisions by chain members as well lending institutions. optimality in this environment depends on the loss aversion part availability capital. purpose paper is to understand impact capital constraint and operational chains. Traditional models have bank external chain, with bank's interest rate exogenous. This research concerns a capital-constrained manufacturer selling averse newsvendor-like retailer, both retailer. existence finance equilibrium...

Abstract This paper considers a one‐period supply chain consisting of risk‐averse retailer and risk‐neutral supplier. As Stackelberg leader, the supplier produces short life‐cycle products to determines option price. The newsvendor‐like orders call from with an emergency order opportunity. analytical model shows that when purchase price is low, retailer's optimal quantity less than independent retail It surprising it moderate or high, may than, equal to, more one. Computational studies are...

Abstract This study delves into the interaction between hybrid financing and asymmetric demand information within a dual‐channel supply chain. In this setup, supplier directly sells to customers also through capital‐constrained retailer. We investigate unique approach involving blend of bank loans equity investment support retailer's operational (procurement marketing) activities. Analyzing equilibrium strategies under both symmetric settings yields intriguing insights. case information, we...

This paper examines a single-period supply chain system consisting of manufacturer selling an option contract to capital-constrained retailer who faces stochastic demand. Option can transfer partial risk from the manufacturer. extends existing literature game-theoretic and credit financing models by explicitly incorporating retailer's default into pure ordering pricing decision problems. Stackelberg equilibriums under different scenarios, i.e., capital sufficient, constraint without credit,...

Abstract This work focuses on a two‐level supply chain with pull contract, where the retailer acts as leader and capital‐constrained manufacturer follower who undertakes inventory risk. In presence of demand uncertainty, is risk‐averse, risk measured by semideviation method. To finance manufacturer, we investigate two collaborative schemes: retailer's early payment (EP) financing investment (RI) financing. We characterize manufacturer's optimal production quantity wholesale price under EP...

ABSTRACT The interdependent nature of supply chains allows a firm's financing activities to be influenced by the environmental, social, and governance (ESG) performance chain partners. Drawing upon congruence theory, this paper explores impact ESG among different members on both firm financial constraints market value. This study employs response surface analysis cluster examine data Chinese listed firms their from 2009 2022. From dyadic perspective customer–supplier, results suggest that...

Many studies have dealt with the problem of fixed cost allocation by using data envelopment analysis. However, existing models allocate treating decision-making units (DMUs) as black-boxes and ignore internal production structures DMUs. To our knowledge, only a few work has considered for an elementary two-stage structure without external inputs outputs. This paper deals general network structure, in which both outputs exist. Specifically, additive are first presented to evaluate performance...

Purpose The paper aims to explore the optimal strategies of inventory financing when risk-averse retailer has different objectives, in presence multi-risk, i.e. demand risk, non-operational risk and retailer's strategic default risk. Design/methodology/approach This develops an model consisting a bank with default. considers two scenarios, capital-constrained cares about its profit or firm value. In first scenario, acts as Stackelberg leader determining interest rate, follower pledged...

Purpose The importance of the agri-food supply chain in both food production and distribution has made issue its development a critical concern. Based on configuration theory congruence theory, this research investigates complex impact concentration financial growth chains. Design/methodology/approach cluster analysis response surface methodology are employed to analyse data collected from 207 Chinese companies 2010 2022. Findings results indicate that different combination patterns can lead...

Abstract Counterfeits spur brand‐name supply chain to engage in manufacturer encroachment. Financial constraint disturbs encroachment strategies, especially with disruption risks. Developing an analytical model investigates how finance production risk affects strategy and its efficacy combating counterfeits. We obtain optimal strategies for three scenarios: rich, moderately poor, poor chains. Encroachment effectively combat counterfeits rich The reduces the manufacturer's willingness...

Abstract Barter exchange has been growingly popular in business for its advantage to liquidate excessive inventory. While barter is relevant supply chain management, little known about impacts on the contracting and efficiency. This study explores these issues a two‐level under wholesale‐price pull contract, where manufacturer undertakes inventory risk. Stackelberg equilibriums are derived when two agents rational biased, respectively. We show that encourages retailer provide lower wholesale...

This paper studies a stochastic inventory management problem for cross-border products, where capital-constrained retailers may choose short-term financing to purchase products. By introducing bonded warehouse and entrusted loan schemes, we develop optimal strategies retailers. Our results show that helps increase their procurement. Specifically, when capital levels are low, opt mixed option of loan. Furthermore, the in limits could weaken reliance on financing. Interestingly, financings...

Abstract This paper proposes a financing system consisting of bank under Mean-Variance criterion and capital-constrained retailer, where the offers an unlimited credit to retailer. The demand is assumed be stochastic. newsvendor allowed make emergency order with minimum reorder quantity threshold (RQT). It shows that RQT, has different strategies. optimal primary interest rate are derived, sequentially. Extension perfectly competitive capital market given. mathematic model reveals RQT price...

We examine the effect of free-riding and decision bias on dual-channel operations a supply chain consisting one retailer manufacturer, in which manufacturer has an option to open direct channel. Under scenario, we explore role strategic customers, who firstly enter store then decide channel fulfill their demand, (partially) enhancing utility. When is sophisticated, find that higher degree consumers’ proportion harm but may either benefit or depending market conditions. Strategic intensifies...