There is little information about the actual nutrition and fluid intake habits gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms of athletes during endurance events.This study aimed to quantify characterize energy, nutrient, intakes competitions investigate associations with GI symptoms.A total 221 (male female) were recruited from two Ironman triathlons (IM Hawaii IM GER), a half-Ironman 70.3), MARATHON, 100/150-km CYCLE race. Professional cyclists (PRO) investigated stage racing. A standardized postrace...

There is consistent evidence supporting the ergogenic effects of caffeine for endurance based exercise. However, whether ingested through coffee has same still subject to debate. The primary aim study was investigate performance enhancing and using a time trial test, while also investigating metabolic coffee. In single-blind, crossover, randomised counter-balanced design, eight trained male cyclists/triathletes (Mean±SD: Age 41±7y, Height 1.80±0.04 m, Weight 78.9±4.1 kg, VO2 max 58±3...

The purpose of this study was to expand our previously published sweat normative data/analysis (n = 506) establish sport-specific data for whole-body sweating rate (WBSR), [Na+], and Na+ loss (RSSL). Data from 1303 athletes were compiled observational testing (2000–2017) using a standardized absorbent patch technique determine local [Na+] normalized [Na+]. WBSR determined change in exercise body mass, corrected food/fluid intake urine/stool loss. RSSL the product WBSR. There significant...

The aim of this study was to describe maximal fat oxidation (MFO) rates in an athletic population.In total, 1121 athletes (933 males and 188 females), from a variety sports competitive level, undertook graded exercise test on treadmill fasted state (≥5 h fasted). Rates were determined using indirect calorimetry.The average MFO 0.59 ± 0.18 g·min, ranging 0.17 1.27 g·min. Maximal occurred at intensity 49.3% 14.8% V˙O2max, 22.6% 88.8% V˙O2max. In absolute terms, male had significantly higher...

Abstract This study aimed to assess energy availability (EA), alongside possible risk factors of reduced or low EA professional female soccer players during a competitive season. Thirteen (age: 23.7 ± 3.4 y, stature: 1.69 0.08 m, body mass: 63.7 7.0 kg) engaged in 5‐day (two rest days, one light training, heavy training and match day) monitoring period. Energy intake (EI) expenditure exercise (EEE) were measured. was calculated categorised as optimal, (>45, 30‐45, <30 kcal·kg FFM −1...

Abstract Purpose To examine the prevalence of disordered eating (DE) in elite male and female soccer players influence perfectionism. Methods Using a cross-sectional design, ( n = 137) 70) non-athlete controls 179) completed clinical perfectionism questionnaire (CPQ-12) attitudes test (EAT-26) to assess DE risk, respectively. Results Male had higher EAT-26 scores than (10.4 ± 9.9 vs. 6.8 6.7; P 0.001), but there were no differences levels (EAT-26 score ≥ 20) (15 5%, respectively; X 2 0.079)...

Hypohydration increases physiological strain and reduces physical technical soccer performance, but there are limited data on how fluid balance responses change between different types of sessions in professional players. This study investigated sweat fluid/carbohydrate intake elite male players training at low high intensities cool hot environments. Fluid/sodium (Na+) losses ad-libitum carbohydrate/fluid fourteen were measured four occasions: (wet bulb globe temperature (WBGT): 15 ± 7 °C,...

The acute effects of green tea extract (GTE) on plasma metabolites in vivo are largely unknown. In this parallel, double-blind study, the transient changes total and free concentrations catechins were measured from healthy males following consumption a single GTE dose (559.2 mg catechins, 120.4 caffeine). Furthermore, endogenous assessed 2 h after intake using four-phase metabolite profiling. ratios catechin to those followed order ECG/CG > EC GCG EGCG EGC C GC. gallated EGCG, CG/ECG, GC,...

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects 1 and 7 d green tea extract (GTE) ingestion on whole body fat oxidation during moderate-intensity exercise.Thirty-one men completed two exercise trials (60-min cycle, 50% Wmax). After baseline trial (day 0), subjects were randomly assigned one three conditions involving a week supplementation following: 1) placebo, 2) 6 placebo followed by GTE (GTE1), 3) (GTE7). morning after week, consumed an additional supplement second 8). V˙O2 V˙CO2...

To determine effects of intensified training (IT) and carbohydrate supplementation on overreaching immunity. In a randomized, double-blind, crossover design, 13 male cyclists (age 25 ± 6 years, $$\dot{V}O_{2\hbox{max} }$$ 72 5 ml/kg/min) completed two 8-day periods IT. On one occasion, participants ingested 2 % (L-CHO) beverages before, during after sessions. the second (H-CHO) solutions were training, with addition 20 g protein in post-exercise beverage. Blood samples collected before...

The purpose of this study was to evaluate hydration status, fluid intake, sweat rate, and sodium concentration in recreational tropical native runners.A total 102 males 64 females participated study. Participants ran at their self-selected pace for 30-100 min. Age, environmental conditions, running profiles, rates, data were recorded. Differences age, duration, distance pace, physiological changes between sexes analysed. A p-value cut-off 0.05 depicted statistical significance.Males had...

This study examined sweat rate, sodium concentration [Na+], and ad-libitum carbohydrate fluid intakes in elite female soccer players during training (n = 19) a match 8); eight completed both for comparisons. Body mass (kg) was obtained before after exercise to calculate rate. The [Na+] determined from absorbent patches on the thigh or back. Sweat percentage body change, 19 were 0.47 ± 0.19 L·h-1, +0.19 0.65%, 28 10 mmol·L-1, respectively. rate higher (0.98 0.34 L·h-1) versus (0.49 0.26 p...

The aim of this study was to investigate if the duration decaffeinated green tea extract (dGTE) ingestion plays a role in augmenting fat oxidation rates during moderate-intensity exercise.In crossover, placebo-controlled design, 19 healthy males (mean ± SD; age = 21 2 yr, weight 75.0 7.0 kg, body mass index 23.2 2.2 kg·m, maximal oxygen consumption [V˙O2max] 55.4 4.6 mL·kg·min) ingested dGTE and placebo (PLA) for 28 d, separated by 28-d washout period. On first day (dGTE 1 or PLA 1) after 7...

We previously reported that a 7 day ingestion of caffeinated green tea extract (cGTE) induced marked metabolic differences during rest and exercise. Here, we report the effects 1, 7, 28 ingestions decaffeinated GTE (dGTE). In this crossover placebo-controlled study, 19 healthy males ingested dGTE or placebo (PLA) for days, separated by wash-out period. On days 28, participants completed 30 min cycling exercise 2 h after PLA. Blood samples were collected at (t = 0 120 min) 150 min). Plasma...

The aim of this study was to assess and compare menstrual health literacy in professional women's football. A three-section questionnaire completed by players (n = 25), development 22) staff 19). mean total knowledge score (out 19) lower for (5.4 ± 2.9) than (7.8 3.2) (9.1 4.8) (p < 0.001). No group achieved >50% correct answers. For each group, the cycle (MC) greater hormonal contraceptives (HC) Previous MC HC education did not correspond higher scores 0.823) or 0.274). In players, comfort...

This study aimed to quantify and compare sleep architecture before after home away matches in elite soccer players from the English Premier League. Across two seasons, 6 male (age 28 ± 5 y; body mass 85.1 9.5 kg; height 1.86 0.09 m) wore WHOOP straps monitor across 13 that kicked off 17:00 h. For each, was recorded night (MD−1), (MD) following match (MD +1). these 3 days total time (TST), efficiency (SE), disturbances, wake time, light sleep, deep REM onsets, alongside external load, were...

Large interindividual variation exists in maximal fat oxidation (MFO) rates and the exercise intensity at which it occurs (FATMAX). However, there are no data describing shape of curve or if individual differences exist when tested on separate occasions. Furthermore, limited metabolism professional team sport athletes. Therefore, aim this study was to test-retest concavity (shape) intercept (height) curves within a group soccer players.On two occasions, 16 male players completed graded test...

To quantify self-reported current sleep behaviors in a range of adult athletes. In addition, to determine any differences duration and quality, depending on sport type competitive level.In this cross-sectional study, 313 athletes (243 male, 70 female), competing variety sports level, completed the Pittsburgh quality index (PSQI) questionnaire which captured behaviors. Sleep was calculated using global PSQI score (≥ 5 indicative poor quality).On average, 7:34 ± 1:00 h:min. Overall, 19%...