The process to certify highly automated vehicles has not yet been defined by any country in the world. Currently, companies test on public roads, which is time-consuming and inefficient. We proposed accelerated evaluation concept, uses a modified statistics of surrounding importance sampling theory reduce time several orders magnitude, while ensuring results are statistically accurate. In this paper, we further improve concept using piecewise mixture distribution models, instead single...

We study rare-event simulation for a class of problems where the target hitting sets interest are defined via modern machine learning tools such as neural networks and random forests. This problem is motivated from fast emerging studies on safety evaluation intelligent systems, robustness quantification models, other potential applications to large-scale in which can be used approximate complex set boundaries. investigate an importance sampling scheme that integrates dominating point...

Robust optimization (RO) is a common approach to tractably obtain safeguarding solutions for problems with uncertain constraints. In this paper, we study statistical framework integrate data into RO based on learning prediction set using (combinations of) geometric shapes that are compatible established tools and simple data-splitting validation step achieves finite-sample nonparametric guarantees feasibility. We demonstrate how our required sample size achieve feasibility at given...

Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens) has an extremely fast growth rate and major carbon sequestration potential. However, little information is available on the dynamics of soil C accumulation fungi communities related to different management practices. Here, we investigated changes in organic (SOC) fractions fungal a plantation under three practices (M0: undisturbed; M1: extensively managed; M2: intensively managed). Compared with M0, SOC levels were reduced by 41.2% 71.5% M1 M2,...

Salt stress is detrimental to the survival of microorganisms, and only a few bacterial species produce hydrolytic enzymes. In this study, we investigated expression salt stress-related genes in salt-tolerant strain Bacillus subtilis ACP81, isolated from bamboo shoot processing waste, at transcription level. The results indicate that could grow 20% NaCl, sub-lethal concentration was 6% NaCl. Less neutral protease higher cellulase β-amylase activities were observed for B. ACP81 under...

Recently, deep learning-based medical image classification models have made substantial advancements. However, many existing prioritize performance at the cost of efficiency, limiting their practicality in clinical use. Traditional Convolutional Neural Network (CNN)-based methods, Transformer-based and hybrid approaches combining these two struggle to balance model complexity. To achieve efficient predictions with a low parameter count, we propose DenseAttentionNetwork (DANet), lightweight...

Abstract RNA-targeting compounds or small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) offer a potent means for controlling viral infections. An essential prerequisite to their design depends on identifying conserved and functional RNA structures in cells. Techniques that probe situ have been developed recently including SHAPE-MaP, which has helpful analyzing the secondary of RNA. In this study, we report application SHAPE-MaP Porcine Epidemic Diarrhoea Virus (PEDV) genome categorize different regions...

The integration of electronic medical records (EMRs) in modern healthcare holds significant promise; however, traditional approaches to syndrome differentiation Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) often encounter limitations due incomplete data and inconsistent frameworks. This paper addresses these challenges by introducing a novel methodology that employs large-scale language models (LLMs) extract relevant entities from an semi-structured TCM knowledge base, facilitating the construction...

Evaluation and testing are critical for the development of Automated Vehicles (AVs). Currently, companies test AVs on public roads, which is very time-consuming inefficient. We proposed Accelerated concept uses a modified statistics surrounding vehicles Importance Sampling theory to reduce evaluation time by several orders magnitude, while ensuring final results accurate. In this paper, we further extend idea using Piecewise Mixture Distribution models instead Single models. demonstrate...

Evaluation and validation of complicated control systems are crucial to guarantee usability safety. Usually, failure happens in some very rarely encountered situations, but once triggered, the consequence is disastrous. Accelerated a methodology that efficiently tests those rarely-occurring yet critical failures via smartly-sampled test cases. The distribution used sampling pivotal performance method, building suitable requires case-by-case analysis. This paper proposes versatile approach...

This paper discusses the use of Kriging model in Automated Vehicle evaluation. We explore how a can help reduce number experiments or simulations Accelerated Evaluation procedure. also propose an adaptive sampling scheme for selecting samples to construct model. Application examples lane change scenario are presented illustrate proposed methods.

Bamboo invasion into broadleaf forests is a common phenomenon in karst areas; however, the effect of bamboo on soil organic carbon (SOC) areas and mechanism are not clear. We selected study site with broad-leaved (BF), mixed (MF), pure (Indosasa shibataeoides McClure) (IF). Furthermore, we sampled from 0 cm to 20 40 layers region investigated properties, fractions, microbial communities. At same time, litterfall layer different stands determined biomass. The results showed that increased...

Bamboo shoot processing wastewater (BBPW) is rich in organic matter and acids can be used as a nutrient source for microbial growth biofertilization. In this study, Pseudomonas K22-D Terribacillus goriness CS3 were isolated from bamboo forest soil with plant growth-promoting properties. Biofertilizers prepared by inoculating bacteria into BBPW, the effects of their application evaluated. The chemical oxygen demand, TOC, TN, NH4-N contents decreased after inoculation, indicating that able to...

Bamboo can be used in the phytoremediation of heavy metal pollution. However, characteristics bamboo rhizosphere archaeal community Cr-contaminated soil under field conditions remain unclear.

Safety evaluation of self-driving technologies has been extensively studied. One recent approach uses Monte Carlo based to estimate the occurrence probabilities safety-critical events as safety measures. These samples are generated from stochastic input models constructed on real-world data. In this paper, we propose an assess impact probability estimates procedures due estimation error caused by data variability. Our proposed method merges classical bootstrap for estimating uncertainty with...

Evaluating the reliability of intelligent physical systems against rare safety-critical events poses a huge testing burden for real-world applications. Simulation provides useful platform to evaluate extremal risks these before their deployments. Importance Sampling (IS), while proven be powerful rare-event simulation, faces challenges in handling learning-based due black-box nature that fundamentally undermines its efficiency guarantee, which can lead under-estimation without diagnostically...

This paper proposes a new framework based on joint statistical models for evaluating risks of automated vehicles in naturalistic driving environment. The previous studies the Accelerated Evaluation are extended from multi-independent-variate to statistics. proposed toolkit includes exploration rare event (e.g. crash) sets and construction accelerated distributions Gaussian Mixture using Importance Sampling techniques. Furthermore, monotonic property is used avoid curse dimensionality...

Currently, the most prevalent way to evaluate an autonomous vehicle is directly test it on public road. However, because of recent accidents caused by vehicles, becomes controversial about whether on-road tests should be best approach. Alternatively, people use tracks or simulation assess safety vehicles. These approaches are time-efficient and less costly, however, their credibility varies. In this paper, we propose a co-Kriging model synthesize results from different evaluation approaches,...