Abstract Most heat shock proteins (Hsp) function as molecular chaperones that help organisms to cope with stress of both an internal and external nature. Here, we review the recent evidence relationship between resistance inducible Hsp expression, including a characterization factors induce response discussion associated costs. We report on studies mild stress, effects high larval densities, inbreeding age well natural variation in expression Hsps. The Hsps life history traits is discussed...

Upper thermal limits vary less than lower among related species of terrestrial ectotherms. This pattern may reflect weak or uniform selection on upper limits, alternatively tight evolutionary constraints. We investigated this issue in 94 Drosophila from diverse climates and reared a common environment to control for plastic effects that confound comparisons. found substantial variation species, negatively correlated with annual precipitation at the central point their distribution also...

Abstract Biodiversity is increasingly subjected to human‐induced changes of the environment. To persist, populations continually have adapt these often stressful including pollution and climate change. Genetic erosion in small populations, owing fragmentation natural habitats, expected obstruct such adaptive responses: (i) genetic drift will cause a decrease level variation, thereby limiting evolutionary responses; (ii) inbreeding concomitant depression reduce individual fitness and,...

Species distributions are often constrained by climatic tolerances that ultimately determined evolutionary history and/or adaptive capacity, but these factors have rarely been partitioned. Here, we experimentally two key niche traits (desiccation and cold resistance) for 92-95 Drosophila species assessed their importance geographic distributions, while controlling acclimation, phylogeny, spatial autocorrelation. Employing an array of phylogenetic analyses, documented moderate-to-strong...

Summary Thermal tolerance may limit and therefore predict ectotherm geographic distributions. However, which of the many metrics thermal best distribution is often unclear, even for drosophilids, constitute a popular well‐described animal model. Five cold were measured 14 Drosophila species to determine most strongly correlate with distribution. The represent tropical temperate regions but all reared under similar (common garden) conditions (20 °C). traits were: chill coma temperature ( CT...

Abstract Laboratory studies on Drosophila have revealed that resistance to one environmental stress often correlates with other stresses. There is also evidence genetic correlations between resistance, longevity and fitness‐related traits. The present work investigates these associations using artificial selection in melanogaster . Adult flies were selected for increased survival after severe cold, heat, desiccation starvation stresses as well heat‐knockdown time lifespan (CS, HS, DS, SS, KS...

1. The costs of conditioning adult Drosophila melanogaster with a mild thermal stress that activates the genes for heat-shock proteins were examined by comparing number offspring produced females maintained continuously at 25 o C exposed to non-lethal stress, 36 75 min, once, twice or three times. comparison was done under two nutritional treatments, without yeast added medium. 2. Benefits D. survival after severe (39 100 min) among flies not conditioned those times exposure min

Summary Thermal adaptation was investigated in the fruitfly Drosophila buzzatii Patterson and Wheeler. Two natural populations originating from a high‐ low‐temperature environment, respectively, were compared with respect to Hsp70 (heat shock protein) expression, knock‐down resistance heat resistance. Three main hypotheses tested: (i) The expression level of flies high‐temperature habitat should be down‐regulated relative colder habitat. (ii) Flies having higher levels weakened most by...

One way animals can counter the effects of climatic extremes is via physiological acclimation, but acclimating to one extreme might decrease performance under different conditions. Here, we use field releases Drosophila melanogaster on two continents across a range temperatures test for costs and benefits developmental or adult cold acclimation. Both types acclimation had enormous at low in field; coldest only cold-acclimated flies were able find resource. However, this advantage came huge...

Marine fishes have been shown to display low levels of genetic structuring and associated high gene flow, suggesting shallow evolutionary trajectories and, possibly, limited or lacking adaptive divergence among local populations. We investigated variation in 98 gene-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for evidence selection populations Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) across the species distribution. Our global genome scan analysis identified eight outlier loci with very...

Abstract Numerically small but statistically significant genetic differentiation has been found in many marine fish species despite very large census population sizes and absence of obvious barriers to migrating individuals. Analyses morphological traits have previously identified local spawning groups herring ( Clupea harengus L.) the environmentally heterogeneous Baltic Sea, whereas allozyme markers not revealed differentiation. We analysed variation at nine microsatellite loci 24 samples...

1. Inducible heat‐shock proteins are synthesized when temperatures increased to levels substantially above normal. The functional role of these is well known at the cellular level. Today increasing interest has been directed towards importance for resistance whole organisms high‐temperature stress and other environmental stressors. 2. Here relationship between protein, Hsp70, thermal in adult Drosophila melanogaster was examined by comparing resistance, i.e. survival 39 °C 85 min, Hsp70...

Abstract: The Italian wolf ( Canis lupus ) population has declined continuously over the last few centuries and become isolated as a result of extermination other populations in central Europe Alps during nineteenth century. In 1970s, approximately 100 wolves survived 10 areas southern Apennines. Loss genetic variability, suggested by preliminary studies mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences, hybridization with feral dogs, illegal release captive, non‐native are considered potential threats to...

Knowledge of local adaptation and adaptive potential natural populations is becoming increasingly relevant due to anthropogenic changes in the environment, such as climate change. The concern that will be negatively affected by increasing temperatures without capacity adapt. Temperature-related adaptability traits related phenology early life history are expected particularly important salmonid fishes. We focused on latter investigated whether four brown trout ( Salmo trutta ) locally...

Frequent exposure of terrestrial insects to temperature variation has led the evolution protective biochemical and physiological mechanisms, such as heat shock response, which markedly increases tolerance stress. Insight into mechanisms has, so far, mainly relied on selective studies specific compounds or characteristics at genomic proteomic levels. In present study, we have used untargeted NMR metabolomic profiling examine biological response stress in Drosophila melanogaster. The...

Microsatellite analysis was applied to scale samples of Atlantic salmon collected up 60 years ago. Samples from the 1930s, a now endangered Danish population, were compared with recent (1989), test if present population consists descendants original one. Allele frequencies had changed over time, but individuals two caught about apart clustered together when closest neighbouring and another reference population. However, fewer alleles detected in sample most likely due bottleneck or sampling...