Injuries in football are prevalent, and while shin guards reduce these, current test standards primarily intended to evaluate contusion risk rather than more serious outcomes such as fractures. In this study, a finite element human body model was used assess fracture the lower leg subjected conditions representative of impacts. Various impactor shapes, impact locations orientations were explored identify where fractures may be likely occur (based on strain) associated force bending moment....

Osteoporosis, a common bone disease in older adults, is associated with low mineral density (BMD) and an increased risk of fractures. While fracture often assessed using T-scores derived from dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans, these measures are not fully effective identifying individuals at greatest risk. To address this, Statistical Shape Appearance Modeling (SSAM) tool was previously developed to analyze femur shape BMD distribution demonstrated superior prediction compared hip...

Background: Impulse loading of the lower leg during events such as ejection seat landings or in-vehicle land mine blasts may result in devastating injuries. These impacts achieve higher forces over shorter durations than car crashes, from which experimental results have formed current basis for protective measures an axial force limit 5.4 kN, registered by anthropomorphic test device (ATD). The hypotheses this study were that injury tolerance isolated tibia to short-duration is previously...

Environmental loadings of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) and trace elements are increasing in areas with marked oil gas extraction, such as the Athabasca sands region, Alberta, Canada. Some these chemicals recognized potent endocrine disrupting (EDCs). The impacts co-exposure to PACs metals on free-ranging wildlife is considerable concern. River otters (Lontra canadensis) sentinel species aquatic ecosystem health. baculum (penile bone) an important part reproductive system that ensures...

Head impacts in bicycle accidents are typically oblique to the impact surface and transmit both normal tangential forces head, causing linear rotational head kinematics, respectively. Traditional expanded polystyrene (EPS) foam helmets effective at preventing many injuries, especially skull fractures severe traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) (primarily from contact forces). However, incidence of concussion collisions motion) remains high, indicating need for enhanced protection. An elastomeric...

Axial loading of the lower leg during impact events can cause significant fractures tibia. The magnitude axial that occurs short-duration high-impulse events, such as antivehicular landmine blasts, lead to life-altering injuries. These achieve higher forces over shorter durations than car crashes, current standard used for protective measures. In order determine appropriate injury limits limb, a testing apparatus has been designed simulate these types anthropomorphic test device (ATD) legs...

Finite element (FE) models can allow computer simulations of impact loading, providing a useful companion to cadaveric testing. These injury evaluations be conducted under variety conditions, but must validated against experimental data. An FE model tibia was developed using geometry from CT scans, and the quality mesh evaluated. Loading boundary conditions tests were simulated, optimised best represent response natural bone impacts. The shown have good agreement for force, duration, impulse...

The purpose of this work was to develop and validate a finite element model the distal radius simulate impact loading. Eight-node hexahedral meshes bone impactor components were created. Three separate events simulated by altering velocity assigned projectile (pre-fracture, crack fracture). Impact forces maximum minimum principal strains calculated used in validation process comparing with previously collected experimental data. measures mesh quality (Jacobians, aspect ratios orthogonality)...

Objective: Lower leg injury risk is commonly assessed using an anthropomorphic test device (ATD). The current standard (the HIII) has been shown to have low biofidelity due its geometry and material properties. A new surrogate MIL-Lx) was developed address these issues, specifically for anti-vehicular mine blast scenarios but with potential applications high-force crashes in the automotive industry. Before it adopted use, MIL-Lx must be evaluated under impact loading ensure that represents...

Composite synthetic bones are a commercially available substitute for cadaveric specimens, and they have previously been validated to replicate natural bone under quasi-static, non-destructive testing. Synthetic tibias could be used analyse injury risk the lower leg during impact events, but their failure mode must by way of comparative tests human bone. were instrumented with strain gauges subjected axial loading. Two different projectile masses tests, effects force, momentum, energy on...

Abstract Side and frontal airbag deployment represents the main injury mechanism to upper extremity during automotive collisions. Previous dynamic limit research has been limited testing forearm at either assumed most vulnerable location fracture, distal 1/3rd, or midpoint. Studies have varied surface which impacts were applied, with no clear consensus on site of greatest vulnerability. The unpredictability impact location, especially altered hand positioning, limits effectiveness existing...

Articular cartilage exhibits site-specific tissue inhomogeneity, for which the properties may continuously vary across articular surface. To facilitate practical applications such as studying degeneration, inhomogeneity be approximated with several distinct region-wise variations, one set of region. A clustering method was previously developed to partition regions using indentation-relaxation and thickness mapping instead simply surface geometry. In present study, a quantitative parameter...

Finite element models apply material properties using experimentally derived density–modulus equations and computed tomographic image data, yet numerous different exist in the literature. The purpose of this study was to evaluate distribution mechanical through proximal tibia compare with those predicted existing equations. Indentation testing performed on five cadaveric tibiae, four slices removed from epiphysis metaphysis each. Elastic modulus yield strength were identified for each test...