Using three-color flow cytometric analysis for the detection of intracellular cytokines, we have been able to determine exact combination cytokines produced by individual T lymphocytes. Because CD4+CD27- lymphocytes shown produce more IL-4 and IL-5 than CD4+CD27+ lymphocytes, cells from normal individuals (n = 4) helminth-infected patients were sorted magnetically subpopulations. Intracellular staining IL-4, IL-5, IFN-gamma subsequent mitogen stimulation 6 h revealed that although almost no...

Neonates exposed to parasite antigens (Ags) in utero may develop altered fetal immunity that could affect subsequent responses infection. We hypothesized cord blood lymphocytes (CBL) from offspring of mothers residing an area highly endemic for schistosomiasis, filariasis, and tuberculosis Kenya would either fail respond or generate a predominantly Th2-associated cytokine response helminth mycobacterial (PPD) vitro compared maternal PBMC. Kenyan CBL generated Ag-specific IL-5 (range 29-194...

Journal Article Polymerase Chain Reaction-Based Diagnosis of Onchocerca volvulus Infection: Improved Detection Patients with Onchocerciasis Get access Peter A. Zimmerman, Zimmerman Reprints or correspondence: Dr. LPD/NIAID/ NIH, Bldg. 4, Room 126, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Ronald H. Guderian, Guderian Edmundo Aruajo, Aruajo Lynne Elson, Elson Parag Phadke, Phadke Joseph Kubofcik, Kubofcik Thomas B....

Chronic helminth infection induces a type-2 cellular immune response. In contrast to this, mycobacterial infections commonly induce type-1 response which is considered protective. Type-2 responses and diminished mycobacteria have been previously correlated with active states such as pulmonary tuberculosis lepromatous leprosy. The present study examines the of children exposed both parasite Onchocerca volvulus infections, Mycobacterium M. leprae. Proliferation peripheral blood mononuclear...

Immunity to Onchocerca volvulus (Ov) infection is suggested by the presence of putatively immune (PI) subjects in a region Ecuador which Ov endemic. PI were identified traditional diagnostic methods combined with polymerase chain reaction-based assay for DNA skin snips. Responses peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from group (n = 16) compared those persons active (microfiladermic [MF] subjects; n 51). PBMC proliferated significantly more antigen (OvAg; P < .009) than did MF but less...

To further define the genetic diversity of HIV-1 in Kenya using approaches that clearly distinguish subtypes from inter-subtype recombinants.Near full genome sequencing and analysis were used, including sensitive new tools for detection mapping recombinants.Purified peripheral blood mononuclear cell DNA 41 positive donations collected six hospitals across southern was used to amplify near full-length genomes by nested PCR. These sequenced on an ABI 3100 automated sequencer analyzed...

Background Tungiasis (sand flea disease) is a neglected tropical skin disease caused by female sand fleas (Tunga spp.) embedded in the of host. The common sub-Saharan Africa and predominantly affects children living impoverished rural communities. In these settings tungiasis associated with important morbidity. Whether impairs life quality has never been studied. Methods study was performed 50 tungiasis, resource-poor communities coastal Kenya. Based on Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI)...

Abstract Background Tungiasis is a neglected tropical skin disease caused by the sand flea Tunga penetrans . Female fleas penetrate skin, particularly at feet, and cause severe inflammation. This study aimed to characterize burden in two highly affected regions Kenya, test use of thermography detect tungiasis-associated inflammation create new two-level classification severity suitable for mapping, targeting, monitoring interventions. Methods From February 2020 April 2021, 3532 pupils age...

Background The sand flea, Tunga penetrans , is the cause of a severely neglected parasitic skin disease (tungiasis) in tropics and has received little attention from entomologists to understand its transmission ecology. Like all fleas, T . environmental off-host stages presenting constant source reinfection. We adapted Berlese-Tullgren funnel method using heat light bulbs extract soil samples identify major development sites within rural households Kenya Uganda. Methods findings Simple,...

Tungiasis is a neglected tropical disease caused by female sand fleas (Tunga penetrans) embedded in the skin. The associated with important morbidity. endemic along Coast of Kenya prevalence ranging from 11% to 50% school-age children. Hitherto, studies on epidemiological characteristics tungiasis Africa are scanty.In cross-sectional study 1,086 individuals 233 households eight villages located Kakuyuni and Malanga Sub-locations, Kilifi County, Kenyan Coast, were investigated. Study...

Journal Article Immunity to Onchocerciasis: Identification of a Putatively Immune Population in Hyperendemic Area Ecuador Get access Lynne H. Elson, Elson Reprints or correspondence: Dr. Bldg. 4, Room 126, National Institutes Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Ronald Guderian, Guderian Edmundo Araujo, Araujo Janette E. Bradley, Bradley Alison Days, Days Thomas B. Nutman The Infectious Diseases,...

Introduction Awareness of the public health importance tungiasis has been growing in East Africa recent years, but data on epidemiological characteristics necessary for planning and implementation control measures do not exist. The work presented here was part a larger cross-sectional study epidemiology coastal Kenya aims at identifying risk factors severe disease school children. Methods A total 1,829 students all age groups from five schools 56 classes were clinically examined their feet...

Abstract Background Household flooring is increasingly being investigated as a determinant of health, however the pathways through which may impact health and wellbeing are not yet well understood. The SABABU study cluster-randomised controlled trial evaluating an improved intervention on soil-transmitted helminthiasis, tungiasis, enteric infections in Bungoma Kwale counties, Kenya. This paper presents findings from theory change development process that was undertaken part formative...

Tungiasis is a tropical skin disease caused by the sand flea Tunga penetrans. It inflicts misery upon tens of millions people, mostly children, across Central and South America sub-Saharan Africa, yet there no globally accepted roadmap for its control. Here we review how research in last 15 years has developed control methods report on new grassroots digital mapping approaches. Treatment now possible with two-component dimethicone, used treatment headlice Europe, Asia Canada, but not...

Afro-Ecuadorian individuals from an area where Onchocerca volvulus is hyperendemic have been monitored for infection over the past 16 years. To determine whether in utero exposure to O. biases a child's subsequent immune responses, children (9 years old) whom mother's status was known were chosen study. Children of infected mothers (n = 19) had significantly higher levels skin microfilariae than uninfected 13; P 0.021). While serum volvulus-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG), IgG subclasses,...

Abstract Background Tungiasis is a highly neglected tropical skin disease caused by the sand flea, Tunga penetrans , female of which burrows into skin, causing pain and itching. The occurs throughout South America sub-Saharan Africa but there are few systematic data on national burdens. tungiasis research community keen to develop survey methods fill this gap. Here we used school-based, thorough examination method determine prevalence risk factors for in Kenya. Methods We conducted first...

Background Tungiasis is a neglected tropical skin disease caused by the female sand flea (Tunga penetrans), which burrows into causing intense pain, itching and debilitation. People in endemic countries do not have access to an effective safe home treatment. The aim of this study was determine efficacy traditionally used readily available mixture neem coconut oil for treatment tungiasis coastal Kenya. Methodology Ninety-six children aged 6–14 years with at least one embedded viable were...

Observational evidence suggests that household floors may be an important domain for the transmission of enteric and parasitic infections. However, little work has been done to investigate how can become contaminated with human animal faeces. This study uses a mixed methods approach postulate proximal distal determinants floor contamination faeces in groups rural villages 3 counties Kenya (Bungoma, Kwale Narok). Quantitative data was collected through census analysed descriptively using...

Tungiasis is a highly neglected tropical skin disease caused by the sand flea, Tunga penetrans . The flea burrows into inducing strong inflammatory response, leading to pain and mobility restrictions with potential impacts on quality of life. Few countries implement control efforts there are few data impact support policy decisions. We conducted survey determine tungiasis among primary school children across nine counties Kenya. A total 10,600 pupils aged 8 14 years were randomly selected...

Abstract The digital era presents opportunities for developing new technologies producing precise and reliable data. This study examines the socioeconomic conditions of rural development in Indonesia using “Data Desa Presisi” (DDP), a method with potential to generate large amounts village goal is encourage achievement Sustainable Development Goals areas. Quantitative research was carried out on six islands, ten provinces, 24 districts/cities, 171 villages/sub-districts. findings indicate...

ABSTRACT Allergic-type immune responses, particularly immunoglobulin E (IgE), correlate with protective immunity in human schistosomiasis. To better understand the mechanisms of parasite elimination we examined correlates protection baboons ( Papio cynocephalus anubis ), which are natural hosts for Schistosoma mansoni and also develop allergic-type infection. In one experiment, animals were exposed to a single infection (1,000 cercariae) or multiple times (100 cercariae per week 10 weeks)...

Abstract Background Tungiasis, a neglected tropical parasitosis, disproportionately affects children. Few empirical studies have reported neurocognitive and mental health outcomes of children with ectoparasitic skin diseases like tungiasis. Pathophysiology tungiasis suggests it could detrimentally affect cognition behaviour. This study pioneered the investigation in Methods was multi-site cross-sectional including 454 quasi-randomly sampled school-children aged 8–14 from 48 randomly selected...