Farmers in Pakistan continue to produce maize under various types of risks and adopt several strategies manage those risks. This study is the first attempt investigate factors affecting concurrent adoption off-farm income diversification agricultural credit which farmers use risk production. We apply bivariate multinomial probit approaches primary data collected from four districts Punjab Province Pakistan. The results show that strong correlations exist between indicates one management...

Hybrid maize farmers have to face diverse kinds of climate, biological, price and financial risks. Farmers' risk perceptions attitudes are essential elements influencing farm operations management decisions. However, this important issue has been overlooked in the contemporary studies therefore there is a dearth literature on issue. The present research therefore, an attempt fill gap. This study aims quantify hybrid farmers' disastrous risks, their towards explore impacts various household...

Policies centered to respond the COVID-19 pandemic have created recessionary economic impacts. Adverse income shocks caused malnutrition and food insecurity increased need for assistance. The present study examines impact of on investigates determinants security coping strategies in Punjab province Pakistan. Data were collected through internet received responses from 370 respondents. household access scale (HFIAS) model was applied examine insecurity, a logit regression used analyze its...

Livestock has a considerable role in the well-being of poor rural households many developing countries. On other hand, its productivity is adversely affected by climatic changes mainly due to absence or non-adoption effective and modern mitigation adaptation strategies. The geographical locations socio-economic conditions countries make livestock herders, especially smaller ones, more vulnerable while their capabilities mitigate adverse effects with limited resources will exacerbate...

Considering the farmer’s decision of quitting cotton plantation due to low economic incentives, current research is intended evaluate viability growers in Punjab. A comprehensively pretested questionnaire was used gather information from 240 face-to-face interviews. The cost–benefit ratio estimated by calculating incurred variable costs, revenue generated, net farm income, and gross margin. data envelopment analysis applied explore economic, technical, allocative efficiencies producers....

Abstract Thermal metrology is critical in many high-energy industrial processes to optimize the process efficiency, energy consumption and quality of end product. Here, we present design development a double thimble type standard type-1 fiber Bragg grating (FBG) high temperature sensing probes. Two different probes named probe-1 probe-2 are developed by encapsulating FBGs two stainless steel thimbles with ceramic filling. The experimentally tested box furnace their responses interrogated an...

Abstract A cost-effective fiber Bragg grating (FBG) temperature sensor package was designed and developed with two distinct sensing probes demodulation schemes. U-shaped capillary shape were tested using an optical spectrum analyzer different indiginously intensity The sensitivities measured as 12.94 ± 0.15 pm °C −1 , 11.57 0.12 12.03 0.14 for a bare FBG FBGs encapsulated in the probes, respectively, negligible hysteresis repeatability of 1 °C–3 °C. performance demonstrated by twin-FBG...

This bibliometric study analyzes the dynamic landscape of green finance research from 2000 to 2023, revealing evolution key themes, geographic and collaboration patterns, shifts in focus over time. Utilizing data Scopus VOSviewer, highlights significant growth publications, particularly post-2015, aligned with increased global attention towards sustainable development. The maps out central themes including "green bonds," "sustainable development," "climate finance," identifies China as a...

The pervasive spread of Parthenium hysterophorus, a noxious weed native to the subtropical regions Americas, poses significant threats biodiversity, human health, and environmental stability. Known by various names such as white head weed, congress grass, Santa Maria feverfew, has invaded numerous countries. This review highlights adverse effects on agricultural productivity, plant communities, livestock health. weed's allelopathic properties inhibit germination growth surrounding flora,...

The study aims to analyze the effectiveness of implementation Decree Minister Transportation Number KM 65 2009 concerning Standard Non-Convention Vessels (Non Convention Vessel Standard) Flagged by Indonesia in a criminal act shipping Sorong Waters. author uses normative legal approach with descriptive analysis method. method is an that focuses on case problems, then linked existing principles and conclusions are drawn from analysis. data collection technique secondary consisting primary...

Abstract Modern irrigation systems are key to improving the productivity of water and land units. This study assesses economic aspects drip system (DIS) by calculating investment profitability efficiency DIS for growing tomatoes in Egypt. One hundred tomato farmers were surveyed. Financial discounted criteria used addition data envelopment analysis estimate using DIS. The results showed that is lucrative, with an increase 67% net return per hectare, compared non‐drip irrigation. benefit–cost...

In this comprehensive review, our focus centers novel strategies and methodologies in FBG temperature sensors their interrogation techniques investigated for sensing different environments. are cryogenic, ambient, high-temperature ultrahigh-temperature Interrogation encompasses optical interferometry, edge filtering, time division multiplexing, spectrum analysis (OSA) wavelength multiplexing (WDM), each possessing distinct characteristics working principles. The interferometry technique...

Abstract A target-type cantilever based temperature compensated fiber Bragg grating (FBG) flow sensor is designed and developed with economical demodulation data acquisition schemes. FBG glued on the surface of a thin elastic stainless steel in pre-strained condition. The mounted inside channel by special purpose brass holder height direction adjustable threaded stem. interrogated an optical spectrum analyzer (OSA) indigenously twin FBGs chirped FBG—FBG intensity Response investigated rate...

Arable farming is an intrinsically risky enterprise. Therefore, managing risks and uncertainties in agriculture very important as it affects all sectors of the economy a developing country like Pakistan. To do so, whole suite options available to community safeguard against any type risk. However, farmers’ behavior concurrent adoption multiple risk management tools largely ignored previous studies has formed rationale for this research. Thus, current study intended investigate decisions...

Deterioration of the ecological environment in upper and middle reaches Yellow River China substantially impacts growth development aquatic organisms drainage basin. This paper builds a conceptual model by applying flow components fish requirements relation with relevant object main River. The utilized restoration method employing River2D (two-dimensional river hydrodynamics habitat), one-dimensional HEC-RAS (hydrologic engineering center's-river analysis system). calculation result showed...