In animal communication research, vocal labeling refers to incidents in which an consistently uses a specific acoustic signal when presented with object or class of objects. Labeling learned signals is foundation human language but notably rare nonhuman systems. natural systems, often occurs that are not influenced by learning, such as alarm and food calling. There suggestion, however, some species use label conspecific individuals their own system mimicking individually distinctive calls....

Summary Changes in natural patterns of animal behaviour and physiology resulting from anthropogenic disturbance may alter the conservation status a population if they affect ability individuals to survive, breed or grow. However, information forecast population‐level consequences such changes is often lacking. We developed an interim framework assess when empirical sparse. show how daily effects disturbance, which are straightforward estimate, can be scaled duration multiple sources...

Vocal learning is relatively common in birds but less so mammals. Sexual selection and individual or group recognition have been identified as major forces its evolution. While important the development of vocal displays, also allows signal copying social interactions. Such can function addressing labelling selected conspecifics. Most examples non-humans come from bird song, where matching occurs an aggressive context. However, other animals, with learned signals very much affiliative...

A bstract Bottlenose dolphins ( Tursiops truncatus ) have individually distinctive signature whistles. Each individual dolphin develops its own unique frequency modulation pattern and uses it to broadcast identity. However, underwater sound localization is challenging, researchers had difficulties identifying The traditional method identify them involved isolating individuals. In this context, the whistle most commonly produced type of an animal. studies on wild cannot isolate animals. We...

Doxorubicin (DOXO) induces significant, but transient, increases in apoptosis the stem cell zone of jejunum, followed by mucosal damage involving a decrease crypt proliferation, number, and villus height. The gastrointestinal tract is home to vast population commensal bacteria numerous studies have demonstrated symbiotic relationship between intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) maintaining homeostatic functions intestine. However, whether enteric play role DOXO-induced not well understood. We...

In recent decades, a number of studies have examined whether various non-human animals understand their partner's role in cooperative situations. Yet the relatively tolerant timing requirements these tasks make it theoretically possible for to succeed by using simple behavioural strategies rather than jointly intended coordination. Here we investigated bottlenose dolphins could testing they learn button-pressing task requiring precise synchronization. Specifically, members dyads were...

Abstract Male alliances are an intriguing phenomenon in the context of reproduction since, most taxa, males compete over indivisible resource, female fertilization. Adult male bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus) Shark Bay, Western Australia, form long-term, multilevel to sequester estrus females. These therefore critical reproductive success. Yet, long-term processes leading formation such complex social bonds still poorly understood. To identify criteria by which with other males, we...

Vocal interactions are intrinsic features of social groups and can play a pivotal role in bonding.1,2 Dunbar's bonding hypothesis posits that vocal exchanges evolved to "groom at distance" when became too large or complex for individuals devote time physical activities.1,3 Tests this non-human primates, however, suggest occur between more strongly bonded engage higher grooming rates4-7 thus do not provide evidence replacement bonding. Here, we combine data on bond strength, whistle exchange...

Efforts to understand human social evolution rely largely on comparisons with nonhuman primates. However, a population of bottlenose dolphins in Shark Bay, Western Australia, combines chimpanzee-like fission-fusion grouping pattern, mating system, and life history the only example strategic multilevel male alliances. Unrelated form three alliance levels, or “orders”, competition over females: both within-group alliances (i.e., first- second-order) between-group (third-order), based...

Clinical and experimental data indicate that the gut may play a role in PD susceptibility.Not only do gastrointestinal symptoms such as constipation often precede motor of (22)(23)(24), experimentally, it has been suggested rodent models exogenous α-synuclein fibrils introduced into can spread to brain (25-27).Abnormal aggregates have histopathologically identified enteric nervous system prior development (22).Evidence supporting for involvement pathology includes observation immunoreactive...

For over a century, the evolution of animal play has sparked scientific curiosity. The prevalence social in juvenile mammals suggests that is beneficial behavior, potentially contributing to individual fitness. Yet evidence from wild animals supporting long-hypothesized link between play, adult and fitness remains limited. In Western Australia, male bottlenose dolphins ( Tursiops aduncus ) form multilevel alliances are crucial for their reproductive success. A key mating behavior involves...

Behavioural differences among social groups can arise from differing ecological conditions, genetic predispositions and/or learning. In the past, learning has typically been inferred as responsible for spread of behaviour by exclusion and factors. This 'method exclusion' was used to infer that 'sponging', a foraging involving tool use in bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops aduncus) population Shark Bay, Western Australia, socially transmitted. However, previous studies were limited they never fully...

Cooperation experiments have long been used to explore the cognition underlying animals' coordination towards a shared goal. While ability understand need for partner in cooperative task has demonstrated number of species, there far less focus on cooperation that address role communication. In humans, efforts can be enhanced by physical synchrony, and problems solved using spoken language. Indeed, human children adapt complex communicating with vocal signals. Here, we investigate whether...

Coercive mate guarding, where males use aggression to control female movements, is a form of sexual coercion which functions constrain choice. Non-human primates, for example, herd females keep them away from competing males, but male bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus) also close their alliance partners. Indeed, pairs and trios work together sequester single estrus defend alliances. Yet how facilitate such coordination remains unknown. Here, we investigate the vocal behaviour allied...

Synchronous displays are hallmarks of many animal societies, ranging from the pulsing flashes fireflies, to military marching in humans. Such known facilitate mate attraction or signal relationship quality. Across taxa, synchronous male appear be driven by competition, while humans thought unique that they serve a cooperative function. Indeed, it is well established human synchrony promotes endeavours and increases success joint action tasks. We examine another system which tightly linked...

Abstract Investigations into cooperative partner choice should consider both potential and realised partners, allowing for the comparison of traits across all those available. Male bottlenose dolphins form persisting multi-level alliances. Second-order alliances 4–14 males are core social unit, within which 2–3 first-order to sequester females during consortships. We compared bond strength, relatedness age similarity partners individual in two periods: (i) adolescence, when second-order...

Abstract Knowledge of an animal's chronological age is crucial for understanding and predicting population demographics, survival reproduction, but accurate determination many wild animals remains challenging. Previous methods to estimate require invasive procedures, such as tooth extraction analyse growth layers, which are difficult carry out with large, mobile cetaceans. However, recent advances in epigenetic have opened new avenues precise determination. These ‘epigenetic clocks’ present...