CENP-A acts as an important epigenetic marker for kinetochore specification. However, the mechanisms by which is incorporated into centromeres and structural basis formation downstream of remain unclear. Here, we used a unique chromosome-engineering system in proteins are targeted to noncentromeric site after endogenous centromere conditionally removed. Using this system, created two distinct types engineered kinetochores, both were stably maintained chicken DT40 cells. Ectopic targeting...

The centromere is a specific genomic region upon which the kinetochore formed to attach spindle microtubules for faithful chromosome segregation. To distinguish this chromosomal from other loci, contains chromatin structure including specialized nucleosomes containing histone H3 variant CENP-A. In addition CENP-A nucleosomes, we have found that centromeres contain nucleosome-like comprised of histone-fold CENP-T-W-S-X complex. However, it unclear how complex associates with chromatin. Here,...

Condensin I is a five-subunit protein complex that central to mitotic chromosome assembly in eukaryotic cells. Despite recent progress, its molecular mechanisms of action remain be fully elucidated. By using Xenopus egg extracts as functional assay, we find condensin complexes harboring mutations kleisin subunit CAP-H produce chromosomes with confined axes the presence topoisomerase IIα (topo IIα) and highly compact structures (termed "beans") condensin-positive cores absence. The bean...

Refractive index (RI) is considered to be a fundamental physical and biophysical parameter in biological imaging, as it governs light-matter interactions light propagation while reflecting cellular properties. RI tomography enables volumetric visualization of distribution, allowing biologically relevant analysis sample. However, multiple scattering (MS) sample-induced aberration (SIA) caused by the inhomogeneity distribution thick sample make its challenging. This paper proposes deep...

Histone variants play important roles in the epigenetic regulation of genome function. The histone variant H2A.Z is evolutionarily conserved from yeast to vertebrates, and it has been reported have multiple effects upon gene expression insulation, chromosome segregation. Recently two genes encoding were identified vertebrate genome. However, not yet clear whether proteins transcribed these are functionally distinct. To address this issue, we knocked out each individually chicken DT40 cells....

A mouse model of Sendai virus infection was adopted to examine the in vivo neurovirulence parainfluenza viruses. nested polymerase chain reaction detected nucleoprotein gene olfactory bulbs intranasally infected mice for at least 168 days post-infection (p.i.) and virus-specific messenger RNAs 28 p.i. Viral proteins were histochemically some neurons 7 They also found glomeruli but not mitral cells tufted cells. No whole brain including bulbs. When inoculated with UV-inactivated virus, viral...

Condensin I is a multi-protein complex that plays an essential role in mitotic chromosome assembly and segregation eukaryotes. It composed of five subunits: two SMC (SMC2 SMC4), kleisin (CAP-H), HEAT-repeat (CAP-D2 CAP-G) subunits. Although balancing acts the subunits have been demonstrated to enable this support dynamic chromosomal axes vertebrate cells, its underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here, we report crystal structure human condensin subcomplex comprising hCAP-G hCAP-H....

Abstract Various studies have been conducted to obtain quantitative phase information based on differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy. As one such attempt, we propose in this study a single‐shot imaging (QPI) method by combining two developments. First, an add‐on optical system commercialized DIC microscope was developed perform gradient (QPGI) with single image acquisition using polarization camera. Second, algorithm formulated reconstitute QPI from the obtained QPGI reducing...

Oxidative stress has been implicated in various disorders and controlling it would be important for healthy life. We have developed a new optical system easily accurately measuring oxidative whole blood. It is optimized simultaneously detecting reactive oxygen species (ROS) highly ROS (hROS), elicited mostly by white blood cells few microliters of Results obtained using this show at least four findings. 1) chemiluminescence MCLA was confirmed to attributable O2-•. 2) PMA-stimulated released...

Refractive index (RI) tomography is a quantitative tomographic technique used to visualize the intrinsic contrast of unlabeled biological samples. Conventional RI reconstruction algorithms are based on weak-scattering approximation, such as Born or Rytov approximation. Although these linear computationally efficient, they invalid when fields strongly distorted by multiple scattering (MS) specimens. Herein, we propose an approach reconstruct distributions MS objects even under approximation...

Reactive and highly reactive oxygen species (ROS hROS) produced by white blood cells are essential for innate immunity; however, they may cause oxidative stress in the host. We developed systems simultaneously monitoring ROS hROS, i.e., superoxide radicals (O2•-) hypochlorite ions (OCl-) secreted from stimulated a few microliters of whole blood. previously reported on evaluation healthy volunteers' using system; whether patients' can be assessed remains unclear. Here, we report pilot study...

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and highly reactive (hROS) secreted by leukocytes are crucial to innate immunity; however, they pose a risk of oxidative stress. To monitor their balance in daily health check-ups, optical technologies for the simultaneous measurement ROS (superoxide radicals) hROS (hypochlorite ions) that utilize only few microliters whole blood have been developed. The aim this study was clarify whether system could assess effects fat ingestion on postprandial status. Eight...

The vital role of bile canaliculus (BC) in liver function is closely related to its morphology. Electron microscopy has contributed understanding BC morphology; however, invasiveness limits use living specimens. Here, we report non-invasive characterization formation using refractive index (RI) tomography. First, investigated and characterized the RI distribution BCs two-dimensional (2D) cultured HepG2 cells. were identified based on their distinct morphology functionality, as confirmed a...

Purpose : Recently, proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ( 1 H‐MRS) demonstrated neuronal loss or dysfunction in the epileptogenic focus temporal lobe epilepsy, and bilateral abnormalities lobes. It is well‐known that a schizophrenia‐like epileptic psychosis closely related to epilepsy symptoms of are extremely similar those schizophrenia. We also reported basal ganglia patients with chronic The play an important role circuitry receive projections from cortex. investigated whether there...

Abstract The previous slide-glass type system could simultaneously detect reactive and highly oxygen species, i.e., superoxide radicals (O 2 −· ) hypochlorite ions (OCl − elicited from leucocytes in sample blood, but had some drawbacks, signal noise air-flow stirring, potential biohazard risks, etc. because of open samples placed on a slide glass. We overcame these drawbacks by adopting fluidic-chip container new system, which resulted higher sensitivity more stable measurements. Using the...

The gel precipitin test and reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) isolation were carried out with antigen of REV strain T on 309 chicken sera collected from 32 flocks in 1964-65 (group A) 430 42 1974-75 B). Positive results obtained 5.2% the 25.0 % flock group A 2.6% 11.9% B. It was clarified that present Japan already 1964. Antibody positive 32.9%, average, surveyed.In all cases test, precipitation line completely agreeable immune serum to T. These also for indirect fluorescent antibody technique.

Optical diffraction tomography (ODT) enables the label-free volumetric imaging of biological specimens by mapping their three-dimensional refractive index (RI) distribution. However, depth achievable is restricted due to spatially inhomogeneous RI distributions that induce multiple scattering. In this study, we introduce a novel ODT technique named bidirectional in-silico clearing tomography. This method incorporates both forward and reversed clearing. For clearing, have integrated an...