Centralized radio access network (C-RAN) has been considered as an architectural solution able to reduce capital and operational expenditure in dense 5G cellular networks while allowing better performance. The C-RAN approach decouples baseband units from antenna sites places them selected locations, connected by the so-called fronthaul links. These links require expensive high-capacity connections, thus calling for cost-efficient deployment. This paper presents a hybrid based on both optical...

One of the challenges network operators face is designing and deploying cost-efficient transport networks (TNs) to meet high capacity strict latency/reliability requirements today’s emerging services. Therefore, different aspects, including appropriate technology, level reconfigurability, functional split option, need be considered. A crucial aspect design assessing impact these factors against total cost ownership (TCO), latency, reliability performance a given solution. this paper proposed...

Providing high capacity to the end users is one of main challenges for fifth generation (5G) mobile networks. The users' habit consume online contents indoor makes outdoor-to-indoor provisioning impractical, especially when high-frequency bands proposed 5G are employed. centralized radio architecture (CRA) an in-building solution, which relies on centralization baseband processing functions, fully or partly allowing cell management while providing signals directly inside buildings. On other...

In the 5G context, new services can be designed based on service slice embedding network infrastructure in relation to target performance. With reference functional splitting approach known as xhaul, novel slicing deployment strategies for are presented provide resiliency while optimizing use of optical and computational resources, having mind uRLLC class.

Container orchestration platforms automatically adjust resources to evolving traffic conditions. However, these scaling mechanisms are reactive and may lead service degradation. Traditionally, resource dimensioning has been performed considering guaranteed (or request) resources. Recently, container included the possibility of allocating idle limit) for a short time in best-effort fashion. This letter analyzes potential using limit as way mitigate degradation while reducing number allocated...

The global connected cars market is growing rapidly. Novel services will be offered to vehicles, many of them requiring low-latency and high-reliability networking solutions. Cloud Radio Access Network (C-RAN) paradigm, thanks the centralization virtualization baseband functions, offers numerous advantages in terms costs mobile radio performance. C-RAN can deployed conjunction with a Multi-access Edge Computing (MEC) infrastructure, bringing close vehicles supporting time-critical...

In centralized/cloud radio access networks (C-RANs), baseband units (BBUs) are decoupled from remote (RRUs) and placed in BBU hotels. this way processing resources can be shared among RRUs, providing opportunities for coordination cost/energy savings. However, the failure of a hotel affect large number RRUs creating severe outages segment. For reason, design resilient C-RAN is imperative. paper, an extension facility location problem (FLP) proposed to find placement hotels that guarantees...

A key requirement in 5G networks is the demand of minimizing transport delay. In this paper we propose and explore novel mechanisms for packet delay variation mobile networks. Different from described literature standardization deterministic aggregation, a method using time window combined with timeout-based approach proposed. The goal to achieve bounded aggregation traffic suitable application fronthaul transport. We an asynchronous networking, enabling transmission (BDT). Exploration...

Ultraviolet filters (UV-filters) are compounds extensively used in personal care products. These produced at increasing rates and discharged into marine ecosystems unknown quantities with no regulation, making them emerging contaminants. Among those, the UV-filter 4-Methylbenzylidene camphor (4-MBC) is a variety of products such as sunscreens, soaps, or lipsticks. This high consumption has resulted its presence various environmental matrices concentrations ranging from ng to μg L−1. Very...

Network slicing is a technique widely used in 5G networks where multiple logical (i.e., slices) run over single shared physical infrastructure. Each slice may realize one or services, whose specific requirements are negotiated beforehand and regulated through Service Level Agreements (SLAs). In Beyond (B5G) it envisioned that slices should be created, deployed, managed an automated fashion without human intervention) irrespective of the technological administrative domains which span....

A study of the MQTT publish/subscribe protocol with different QoS levels is presented aim to extend Internet Things (IoT) concept across access, edge and transport networks reach cloud computing facilities. simple testbed set up related software components measure end-to-end delivery latency between publisher subscribers impact network delay caused by configurations service deployments. In particular, shown rise more than 7 times average when 2 level applied, thus indicating that its...

User-centric (UC) distributed massive multiple-input multiple-output (D-mMIMO), also known as cell-free mMIMO, is a pivotal technology for enabling future mobile communication systems. While UC D-mMIMO intrinsically follows architecture, its processing can be implemented in or centralized fashion. This paper proposes comprehensive cost assessment methodology D-mMIMO, capturing total of ownership and factoring the deployment configuration, implementation, computational demands, fronthaul...

In a 5G radio access network (RAN), slicing enables dividing single RAN infrastructure into multiple logical networks, efficiently accommodating services with diverse requirements. Although can help improve resource efficiency and reduce costs, it is accompanied by various security risks. One of the threats in potential eavesdropping, resulting leakage sensitive data within slices. Encryption technologies have been developed to address eavesdropping problem at different layers optical...

The traffic in mobile access networks is increasing at an exponential rate, with the majority of this being generated indoor. To cope trend, heterogeneous network (HetNet) architectures based on centralized radio architecture (CRA) concept have been recently proposed. A CRA able to reach high wireless performance by centralizing physical layer functions macro and small cells. On other hand, a puts strict latency capacity requirements transport segment, which usually comprises mixture fiber-...

Base station (BS) densification is increasingly adopted by mobile operators in order to support increasing traffic demand. However, a large number of BSs requires many backhaul connections, which may be very expensive. For this reason, provisioning high speed connections cost-effective way challenging, and it important efficiently utilize an existing fixed network infrastructure if possible. This paper proposes two optimized infrastructure-aware planning strategies for small cells fiber...

Container orchestration platforms like Kubernetes (K8s) allow easy deployment and management of cloud native services. When deploying their services, service providers need to specify a proper amount resources K8s, so that the desired Quality Service (QoS) users can be maintained. To cope with varying traffic demand coming from users, they rely on K8s Horizontal Pod Autoscaling (HPA) mechanism. ensure enough are available when needed, standard HPA mechanism relies resource overprovisioning....

Cloud Radio Access Networks (C-RAN) are characterized by huge introduction of Network Function Virtualization (NFV) supported software-based control relevant functionalities within the Software Defined (SDN) context. Distributed location algorithms, as a practical approach to optimally locate virtual in C-RAN, described and compared conventional optimization techniques, with application BBU hotel placement extensions dynamic evolution C-RAN configuration. Near optimal solutions incremental...

Optical aggregation network is a key subsystem to support high performance end-to-end services in 5G mobile networks. This paper presents design optimization methodology implement ultra reliable low latency communications (URLLC) metro area. Novel algorithms based on Integer Linear Programming (ILP) are defined solve dedicated (DPP) and shared (SPP) path protection problems, the presence of single failure with aim minimize number active nodes, by adopting functional splitting options 3GPP....

Centralized/Cloud Radio Access Networks (C-RAN) are deployed in converged fixed-mobile networks to exploit the flexibility coming from joint application of Network Function Virtualization (NFV) and Software Defined Networking (SDN). In this context, optical links connecting C-RAN nodes, possibly based on Ethernet standards, may carry traffic with different requirements terms latency throughput. This paper considers problem aggregation control for fronthaul throughput capability backhaul...

<p>Existing container orchestration platforms provide frameworks capable of automatically scaling resources to evolving traffic conditions based on resource usage. Service providers rely these automatic capabilities improve the adaptability their cloud native applications while reducing costs. However, this may lead service degradation related delayed response changes. Traditionally, Pod dimensioning has been performed considering guaranteed (or request) resources. Recently, included...

Network slicing enables resource sharing in high capacity network infrastructures. To support flexibility relation to dynamic application scenarios, slice configuration needs changes over time maintain optimization usage and meet performance constraints. Emerging services like autonomous driving or industrial contexts require critical low latency reliability referred 5G context as the Ultra Reliable Low Latency Communications (URLLC) service. With reference this class of services, paper...