Significance The transition between free flow and congestions in traffic can be observed our daily life. Although this phenomenon is well studied highways, a network scale (representing city) far from being understood. A fundamental unsolved question how the global city integrated local flows. Here, we identify mechanism of organization as percolation process, show breaks down when identified bottlenecks are congested. These evolve with time according to dynamics different structural...

Many real world complex systems such as infrastructure, communication and transportation networks are embedded in space, where entities of one system may depend on other systems. These subject to geographically localized failures due malicious attacks or natural disasters. Here we study the resilience a composed two interdependent spatially geographical attacks. We find that if an attack is larger than finite (zero fraction system) critical size, it will spread through entire lead its...

Abstract Social media can be a double-edged sword for society, either as convenient channel exchanging ideas or an unexpected conduit circulating fake news through large population. While existing studies of focus on theoretical modeling propagation identification methods based machine learning, it is important to understand the realistic mechanisms between models and black-box methods. Here we track databases real in both, Weibo China Twitter Japan from different cultures, which include...

Many systems on our planet are known to shift abruptly and irreversibly from one state another when they forced across a "tipping point," such as mass extinctions in ecological networks, cascading failures infrastructure systems, social convention changes human animal networks. Such regime demonstrates system's resilience that characterizes the ability of system adjust its activity retain basic functionality face internal disturbances or external environmental changes. In past 50 years,...

Abstract Network science has attracted much attention in recent years due to its interdisciplinary applications. We witnessed the revolution of network 1998 and 1999 started with small-world scale-free networks having now thousands high-profile publications, it seems that since 2010 studies ‘network networks’ (NON), sometimes called multilayer or multiplex, have more attention. The analytic framework for NON yields a novel percolation law n interdependent shows theory single studied...

Significance With the same static road network, it is essentially unknown for urban traffic if flows have spatial organization properties different hours. Based on real-time high-resolution GPS data city scale, our results indicate two distinct modes characterized by percolation critical exponents. The mode during rush hours working days behaves like a 2D lattice with mainly short-range links, while other instants small world (i.e., long-range links). difference between these explained here...

Cascading failures have become major threats to network robustness due their potential catastrophic consequences, where local perturbations can induce global propagation of failures. Unlike spreading via direct contacts structural interdependencies, overload usually propagate through collective interactions among system components. Despite the critical need in developing protection or mitigation strategies networks such as power grids and transportation, behavior cascading is essentially...

Significance Traffic congestion has become the most stubborn disease for health of a city. Like self-healing ability biological unit from diseases, transportation can also recover spontaneously various disturbances. To describe this recovery, we define resilience metric as spatiotemporal cluster, which be used other network systems. Based on large-scale GPS datasets, reveal that recovery behavior is governed by three scaling laws all scales. These are found independent microscopic details,...

Different from the direct contact in epidemics spread, overload failures propagate through hidden functional dependencies. Many studies focused on critical conditions and catastrophic consequences of cascading failures. However, to understand network vulnerability mitigate failures, knowledge how time space is essential but still missing. Here we study spatio-temporal propagation behaviour analytically numerically spatially embedded networks. The are found spread radially centre initial...

Abstract Increased intraocular pressure (IOP) damages the retinal ganglion cell axons as they pass through optic nerve head (ONH). The massive connective tissue structure of human lamina cribrosa is generally assumed to be transducer responsible for damage. rat, however, with no cribrosa, suffers same glaucomatous response raised IOP. Here, we show that astrocytes rat ONH are “fortified” by extraordinarily dense cytoskeletal filaments would make them ideal transducers distorting mechanical...

In this paper, we propose a new way of looking at the reliability network using percolation theory. view, failure can be regarded as process and critical threshold used criterion linked to operational settings under control. To demonstrate our approach, consider both random models real networks with different nodes and/or edges lifetime distributions. We study numerically theoretically find that solved voting system given by Then average increases linearly its uniform life Furthermore,...

Significance Catastrophic events affecting technological or critical infrastructures are often originated by a cascading failure triggered marginal perturbations, which on their turn localized in one of the many interdependent graphs describing systems. Understanding robustness these is therefore utmost importance for preventing crashes and/or engineering more efficient and stalwart networked Here we give fresh framework means failures can be described very rich variety dynamical models...

Many complex systems in the real world can be modeled as networks, which has captured recent years enormous attention from researchers of diverse fields ranging natural sciences to engineering. The extinction species ecosystems and blackouts power girds engineering exhibit vulnerability investigated by empirical data analyzed theoretical models. For studying resilience three main factors should focused on: network structure, dynamics failure mechanism. In this review, we will introduce...

Significance Different traffic states experienced by commuters may be due to localized random jams or overall network states, which is decided system response perturbations. While for natural systems, the existence of multiple common, evidence in transportation has so far been unclear, hinders our ability predict and prevent spread jams. Based on percolation theory high-resolution GPS datasets, we find strong metastable corresponding distinct performance regimes. Our results provide deep...

ABSTRACT We have labelled precursor cells in the embryonic rat cerebral cortex using BAG, a retroviral vector that expresses β -galactosidase. had previously reported gxenerate clusters of could be classified into four types by their morphological appearance and anatomical distribution (Price Thurlow, 1988). In this study, we used immunohistochemistry intracellular dye labelling to identify cell make up these clusters. discovered are almost always composed single type. addition entirely...

Quakingviable (qk(v)) is a well known dysmyelination mutation. Recently, the genetic lesion of qk(v) has been defined as deletion 5' to qkI gene, which results in severe reduction qkI-encoded QKI RNA-binding proteins myelin-producing cells. However, no comprehensive model proposed regarding how lack leads dysmyelination. We hypothesized that binds myelin protein mRNAs, and causes posttranscriptional misregulation, turn loss corresponding proteins. To test this hypothesis, we developed an...

Transplantation of olfactory ensheathing cells into spinal cord lesions promotes regeneration cut axons terminal fields and functional recovery. This repair involves the formation a peripheral nerve-like bridge in which perineurial-like fibroblasts are organized longitudinal stack parallel tubular channels, some contain regenerating enwrapped by Schwann-like cells. The present study examines whether retinal ganglion cell will also respond to these cells, if so, they form same type...

To determine if transplantation of olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) can reduce loss optic nerve axons after raised intraocular pressure (IOP) in the rat.OECs cultured from adult mucosa were transplanted into region disc. The IOP was by injection magnetic microspheres anterior chamber.At 4 weeks raising IOP, OECs had migrated dorsal area head (ONH) where they surrounded fibers with a non-myelinated ensheathment. mean amount damage to ONH astrocytic rats 51.0% compared 85.8% those without...