Previous studies in Saccharomyces cerevisiae have demonstrated that cryptic promoters within coding regions activate transcription particular mutants. We performed a comprehensive analysis of order to identify factors normally repress promoters, determine the amount genome-wide, and study potential for expression genetic information by transcription. Our results show large number control chromatin structure are required from at least 1,000 locations across S. genome. Two suggest some...

We investigated the timing of recruitment Spn1 and its partner, Spt6, to CYC1 gene. Like TATA binding protein RNA polymerase II (RNAPII), is constitutively recruited promoter, although levels transcription from this gene, which regulated postrecruitment RNAPII, are low. In contrast, Spt6 appears only after growth in conditions gene highly transcribed. via interaction with since an spn1 mutant defective for RNAPII not targeted necessary recruitment. Through a genetic screen, strong specific...

Abstract The malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum relies on efficient protein translation. An essential component of translation is the tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase (TrpRS) that charges tRNA trp . Here we characterise two isoforms TrpRS in Plasmodium; one eukaryotic type localises to cytosol and a bacterial remnant plastid (apicoplast). We show apicoplast aminoacylates while cytosolic inhibitor TrpRSs, indolmycin, specifically inhibits aminoacylation by vitro , ex vivo growth, killing...

The spatial activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3-kinase) signaling at the axon growth cone generates phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5 trisphosphate (PtdIns(3,4,5)P 3 ), which localizes and facilitates Akt stimulates GSK-3β inactivation, promoting microtubule polymerization elongation. However, molecular mechanisms that govern down-regulation PtdIns(3,4,5)P remain undetermined. inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatases (5-phosphatase) hydrolyze 5-position phosphate from 4,5 bisphosphate...

As large language models (LLMs) become more widely used, people increasingly rely on them to make or advise moral decisions. Some researchers even propose using LLMs as participants in psychology experiments. It is therefore important understand how well decisions and they compare humans. We investigated this question realistic dilemmas prompts where GPT-4, Llama 3, Claude 3 give advice emulate a research participant. In Study 1, we compared responses from representative US sample (N = 285)...

Many controversies arise from disagreements between moral rules and utilitarian cost-benefit reasoning (CBR). We show how learning consequences can produce individual differences in people's reliance on versus CBR. In a new paradigm, participants (total $N=2328$) faced realistic dilemmas one choice prescribed by rule Participants observed the of their decision before next dilemma. Across four experiments, we found adaptive changes decision-making over 13 choices: adjusted decisions based...

To resolve moral dilemmas, people often rely on one of two decision strategies: cost-benefit reasoning versus following rules. Previous studies learning show that learn to use the decision-making strategy led best outcomes in past. Do they this by constructing a mental model what would result from using either (i.e., model-based learning) or assigning value directly each model-free learning)? answer question, we adapted two-step task trolley-type dilemma between rules (saving colleague)...

With the rapid progress of Large Language Models (LLMs), it becomes increasingly important to understand their abilities and limitations. In two experiments, we investigate causal compositional reasoning LLMs humans in domain object affordances, an area traditionally linked embodied cognition. The tasks, designed from scratch avoid data contamination, require decision-makers select unconventional objects replace a typical tool for particular purpose, such as using table tennis racket dig...

Public support is crucial for the success of policy interventions that aim to change behaviour. While communicating evidence effectiveness can increase support, it remains unclear which type most effective. Statistical often seen as objective and persuasive, yet personal anecdotes strongly influence beliefs. We examined how statistical anecdotal affect perceptions. In three online experiments with representative UK samples (N = 901), we showed participants different types (statistical,...

To resolve moral dilemmas, people often rely on decision strategies such as cost-benefit reasoning (CBR) or following rules. Previous studies show that learn to increasingly whichever strategy led better outcomes in the past. Do they this by constructing a mental model of what would result from using either (i.e.,model-based learning) assigning value directly each (i.e., model-free learning)? answer question, we adapted two-step task trolley-type dilemma between rules (e.g., obeying...

As large language models (LLMs) become more widely used, people increasingly rely on them to make or advise moral decisions. Some researchers even propose using LLMs as participants in psychology experiments. It is, therefore, important understand how well decisions and they compare humans. We investigated these questions by asking a range of emulate people's realistic dilemmas. In Study 1, we compared LLM responses those representative U.S. sample (N = 285) for 22 dilemmas, including both...

Many controversies arise from disagreements between moral rules and ``utilitarian'' cost-benefit reasoning (CBR). Here, we show how learning consequences can produce individual differences in people's reliance on versus CBR. In a new paradigm, participants (total N=2328) faced realistic dilemmas one choice prescribed by rule Participants observed the of their decision before next dilemma. Across four experiments, found adaptive changes decision-making over 13 choices: adjusted decisions...

Many controversies arise from disagreements between moral rules and ``utilitarian'' cost-benefit reasoning (CBR). Here, we show how learning consequences can produce individual differences in people's reliance on versus CBR. In a new paradigm, participants (total N=2328) faced realistic dilemmas one choice prescribed by rule Participants observed the of their decision before next dilemma. Across four experiments, found adaptive changes decision-making over 13 choices: adjusted decisions...

Many controversies arise from disagreements between moral rules and utilitarian cost-benefit reasoning (CBR). We show how learning consequences can produce individual differences in people's reliance on versus CBR. In a new paradigm, participants (total $N=2328$) faced realistic dilemmas one choice prescribed by rule Participants observed the of their decision before next dilemma. Across four experiments, we found adaptive changes decision-making over 13 choices: adjusted decisions based...

Abstract Background The role of nuclear receptors in both the aetiology and treatment breast cancer is exemplified by use oestrogen receptor (ER) as a prognostic marker target. Treatments targeting signalling pathway are initially highly effective for most patients. However, cancers that fail to respond, or become resistant, current endocrine treatments, long-term outlook poor. ER member superfamily, comprising 48 members human, many which expressed could be used alternative targets cases...

Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) is a key component in breast development and tumour biology. PTHrP has been discovered as causative agent of hypercalcaemia malignancy also one the main factors implicated cancer mediated osteolysis. Clinical studies have determined that expression by primary cancers was an independent predictor improved prognosis. Furthermore, demonstrated to cause cell death both vitro vivo. Apo2L/TRAIL promising new anti-cancer agent, due its ability selectively...

Deep neural networks are increasingly tasked with making complex, real-world decisions that can have morally significant consequences. But it is difficult to predict when a deep network will go wrong, and wrong cause significantly negative outcomes. In contrast, human moral decision-making often remarkably robust. This partly achieved by relying on both rules cost-benefit reasoning. this paper, we reverse-engineer people's capacity for robust as cognitively inspired reinforcement-learning...

When ordinary people hear about a `hired gun' killing, who do they judge to be more responsible -- the person instigated killing or executed it? In this paper, we explored attribution of causal and moral responsibility in chain events, where an agent A instructs intermediate B execute some harmful action which leads bad outcome victim V. Study 1, participants judged cause, blameworthy, deserving punishment than A. 2, effect proximity by adding third, subsequent contributing such that B's no...

Moral decision-making is a topic of great interest in the growing field moral psychology. Yet, to our knowledge, there are no existing self-report scales for measuring process individual dilemmas (as opposed general attitudes or beliefs about general), nor any equivalent measures meta-decision-making. We fill these gaps methodological toolbox psychology by devising new several processes which people make decisions and validate them using realistic dilemmas, including six vignettes that we...

As large language models (LLMs) become more widely used, people increasingly rely on them to make or advise moral decisions. Some researchers even propose using LLMs as participants in psychology experiments. It is, therefore, important understand how well decisions and they compare humans. We investigated these questions by asking a range of emulate people's realistic dilemmas. In Study 1, we compared responses from representative U.S. sample (N = 285) for 22 dilemmas: collective action...

The present study explored how evaluations of a defendant’s character can influence mock jurors’ judgments using beliefupdating paradigm. Participants (N=143) were shown trialtranscript in which we manipulated the by introducing an irrelevant moral behavior observed before crime as well prior conviction. We found that bad defendants consistently judged to be more deserving punishment than good defendants. While information influenced guilt, blame, and intentionality immediately after it was...