Mathematical models have become an important tool for understanding the control of eye movements during reading. Main goals development SWIFT model (R. Engbert, A. Longtin, & R. Kliegl, 2002) were to investigate possibility spatially distributed processing and implement a general mechanism all types observed in reading experiments. The authors present advanced version that integrates properties oculomotor system effects word recognition explain many experimental phenomena faced research....

Reading requires the orchestration of visual, attentional, language-related, and oculomotor processing constraints. This study replicates previous effects frequency, predictability, length fixated words on fixation durations in natural reading demonstrates new these variables related to 144 sentences. Such evidence for distributed across challenges psycholinguistic immediacy-of-processing eye-mind assumptions. Most time mind processes several parallel at different perceptual cognitive...

Two contrasting views of visual attention in scenes are the salience and cognitive relevance hypotheses. They fundamentally differ their conceptualization visuospatial representation over which is directed. According to saliency model, this image-based, while framework advocates an object-based representation. Previous research has shown that (1) viewers prefer look at objects background (2) model predicts human fixation locations significantly better than chance. However, it could be mainly...

Eye-movement control during scene viewing can be represented as a series of individual decisions about where and when to move the eyes.While substantial behavioral computational research has been devoted investigating placement fixations in scenes, relatively little is known mechanisms that fixation durations.Here we propose model (CRISP) accounts for saccade timing programming thus variations durations viewing.First, signals are modeled continuous-time random walks.Second, difficulties at...

As Chinese is written without orthographical word boundaries (i.e., spaces), it unclear whether saccade targets are selected on the basis of characters or words and saccades aimed at beginning centre words. Here, we report an experiment where 30 readers read 150 sentences while their eye movements were monitored. They exhibited a strong tendency to fixate in single-fixation cases multiple-fixation cases. Different from spaced alphabetic script, initial fixations falling end no more likely be...

Presenting different visual object stimuli can elicit detectable changes in EEG recordings, but this is typically observed only after averaging together data from many trials and participants. We report results a simple recognition experiment where independent component analysis (ICA) processing machine learning classification were able to correctly distinguish presence of at around 87% (0.70 AUC, p < 0.0001) accuracy within single trials, using ICs. Seven subjects series everyday while was...

When the mind wanders, attention turns away from external environment and cognitive processing is decoupled perceptual information. Mind wandering usually treated as a dichotomy (dichotomy-hypothesis), often measured using self-reports. Here, we propose levels of inattention hypothesis, which postulates attentional decoupling to graded degrees at different hierarchical processing. To measure during reading introduce sustained stimulus task (SAST), based on psychophysics error detection....

Scene perception requires the orchestration of image- and task-related processes with oculomotor constraints. The present study was designed to investigate how these factors influence long eyes remain fixated on a given location. Linear mixed models (LMMs) were used test whether local image statistics (including luminance, luminance contrast, edge density, visual clutter, number homogeneous segments), calculated for 1° circular regions around fixation locations, modulate durations, effects...

An important factor constraining visual search performance is the inhomogeneity of system. Engaging participants in a scene task, present study explored how different regions field contribute to search. Gaze-contingent Blindspots and Spotlights were implemented determine absolute relative importance for object-in-scene Three Blindspot/Spotlight radii (1.6°, 2.9°, 4.1°) used differentiate between foveal, parafoveal, peripheral vision. When searching with artificially impaired foveal or...

The present study explores the role of word position-in-text in sentence and paragraph reading. Three eye-movement data sets based on reading Dutch German unrelated sentences reveal a sizeable, replicable increase times over several words at beginning end sentences. from paragraph-based English-language Dundee corpus replicate pattern also indicate that inspection is driven by visual boundaries text organized lines, rather than syntactic boundaries. We argue this effect independent...

Whether overt attention in natural scenes is guided by object content or low-level stimulus features has become a matter of intense debate. Experimental evidence seemed to indicate that once locations scene are known, salience models provide little extra explanatory power. This approach recently been criticized for using inadequate early salience; and indeed, state-of-the-art outperform trivial object-based assume uniform distribution fixations on objects. Here we propose use take preferred...

In vision science, a particularly controversial topic is whether and how quickly the semantic information about objects available outside foveal vision. Here, we aimed at contributing to this debate by coregistering eye movements EEG while participants viewed photographs of indoor scenes that contained semantically consistent or inconsistent target object. Linear deconvolution modeling was used analyze ERPs evoked scene onset as well fixation-related potentials (FRPs) elicited fixation on...

Abstract Eye tracking technology has become increasingly prevalent in scientific research, offering unique insights into oculomotor and cognitive processes. The present article explores the relationship between theory, research question, use of eye-tracking technology. It aims to guide readers determining if eye is suitable for their studies how formulate relevant questions. Examples from on control, reading, scene perception, task execution, visual expertise, instructional design are used...

Binocular eye movements of normal adult readers were examined as they read single sentences. Analyses horizontal and vertical fixation disparities indicated that the most prevalent type disparate is crossed (i.e., left located further to right than eye) while frequently fixates somewhat above eye. The Gaussian distribution binocular point peaked 2.6 cm in front plane text, reflecting prevalence horizontally fixations. Fixation disparity accumulates during course successive saccades fixations...

The visual system utilizes environmental features to direct gaze efficiently when locating objects. While previous research has isolated various features' contributions guidance, these studies generally used sparse displays and did not investigate how facilitated search as a function of their location on the field. current study investigated across field--particularly color--facilitate guidance during real-world search. A gaze-contingent window followed participants' eye movements,...

Abstract The psychological arrow of time refers to our experience the forward temporal progression all natural processes. To investigate whether and how time's is mentally coded in individual everyday events, a relatedness judgment task was used. items each consisted verb (probe) an adjective or participle (target). orientation between probe target varied either corresponding chronological (e.g., shrinking — small ) reverse large ). Reaction times, error rates, pupillary responses were...

Abstract The goal of the present study was to further test hypothesis that objects are important units saccade targeting and, by inference, attentional selection in real-world scene perception. To this end, we investigated where people fixate within embedded natural scenes. Previously, reported a preferred viewing location (PVL) close center (Nuthmann & Henderson, 2010). Here, qualify basic finding showing PVL is affected object size and distance between previous fixation (i.e., launch site...

The current study investigated from how large a region around their point of gaze viewers can take in information when searching for objects real-world scenes. Visual span size was estimated using the gaze-contingent moving window paradigm. Experiment 1 featured radii measuring 1, 3, 4, 4.7, 5.4, and 6.1°. 2 six between 5 10°. Each scene occupied 24.8 × 18.6° field view. Inside window, presented high resolution. Outside image low-pass filtered to impede parsing into constituent objects....

Recent research on eye movements during scene viewing has primarily focused where the eyes fixate. But fixations also differ in their durations. Here we investigated whether fixation durations are under direct and immediate control of current visual input. Subjects freely viewed photographs scenes preparation for a later memory test while were recorded. Using novel degradation paradigm based saccade-contingent display change method, reduced luminance saccades ending critical fixations....