Light detection and ranging (LiDAR) systems based on silicon single-photon avalanche diodes (SPAD) offer several advantages, like the fabrication of system-on-chips with a co-integrated detector dedicated electronics, as well low cost high durability due to well-established CMOS technology. On other hand, silicon-based detectors suffer from background light in outdoor applications, advanced driver assistance or autonomous driving, limited wavelength range infrared spectrum. In this paper we...

In this paper, we present a capacitive, MEMS-based accelerometer comprising an ultra-low noise CMOS integrated readout-IC and high-precision bulk micro machined sensing element. The resulting reaches acceleration equivalent of only 200 ng/√Hz, which makes it suitable for seismic measurement that require levels significantly below 1 μg/√Hz. addition, high bandwidth more than 5 kHz was achieved, also the presented sensor system applicable high-frequency measurements, e.g., in predictive...

Abstract Objective.
Modern neural devices allow to interact with degenerated tissue in order restore sensoric loss function and suppress symptoms of neurodegenerative diseases using microelectronic arrays (MEA). They have a bidirectional interface for performing electrical stimulation write-in new information recording the activity read-out task, e.g. movement ambitions. For both applications, impedance electrode-tissue (ETI) is crucial. However, ETI can change during run-time due...

Today an increasing number of applications in fields like power electronics or sensor signal conditioning are demanding for integrated circuits supporting extended temperature range. Mixed featuring analog circuitry, to digital converters as well embedded microcontrollers and on-chip memories requested operate up 300°C even more. This paper outlines technological design specific challenges limiting factors at high temperatures realized a Silicon-on-Insulator (SOI) CMOS technology. The...

LiDAR is a key sensor technology for future driving. For autonomous vehicles fast and reliable three dimensional monitoring of the environment essential managing wide variety common traffic situations. Since these kinds systems use typically light in near infrared range, ambient sun serious problem due to its high intensity compared laser source. Therefore, reducing influence on distance measurement very important. In this paper we present 2 × 192 pixel SPAD-based direct time-of-flight line...

The operating range of passive UHF transponder systems is largely determined by the tag current consumption and rectifier efficiency. Reading ranges several meters have recently been reported for many state art RFID (Radio frequency IDentification) tags [1]. At this distance, main issue design low amplitude high antenna signal. Schottky diodes are often used their forward voltage drop switching speed. As an alternative to diodes, different circuit techniques compensating threshold standard...

Abstract. In this paper we present a readout circuit for capacitive micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) sensors such as accelerometers, gyroscopes or pressure sensors. A flexible interface allows connection of wide range types sensing elements. The ASIC (application-specific integrated circuit) was designed with focus on ultra-low noise operation and high analog measurement performance. Theoretical considerations are presented which lead to design requirements affecting the reachable...

Silicon-on-Insulator (SOI) is the most commonly used technology for integrated circuits capable of operating at high temperature. Due to efficient reduction leakage current paths much higher operation temperatures are achievable with SOI than bulk technologies. Published work on temperature CMOS typically refers technologies a minimum feature size 0.8 1.0 micron [1][2][3] even though complex digital this results in large die size. Technologies smaller available but not suitable reliable due...

This paper addresses the issue of low-voltage analog circuit design in CMOS technology. In particular, three areas are discussed: switched-capacitor circuits, continuous-time circuits for low-frequency applications, and RF circuits. For each category examples given together with measured data.

Retinal degenerative diseases, e.g., retinitis pigmentosa, cause a severe decline of the visual function up to blindness. Treatment still remains difficult; however, implantation retinal prostheses can help restoring vision. In this study, biocompatibility and surgical feasibility newly developed epiretinal stimulator (OPTO-EPIRET) was investigated. The previously implant extended by an integrated circuit-based optical capturing, which will enable immediate conversion field into stimulation...

With the possibility of fabricating single-photon avalanche diodes in standard CMOS processes, arrays for range imaging applications have been developed. Proper operation high ambient illumination environments is one major issues scannerless sensors published so far. In this paper a theoretical study direct and indirect working principle regarding shown. Further, new concepts based on these principles to reduce sensitivity light are presented.

High ambient illumination reduces the range and target detection reliability in light-based 3D sensors. Raising optical power of artificial source to overcome influence high light is often not possible for systems with flash due eye safety constraints. The timing resolution single-photon avalanche diodes enables search photon concurrences incident streams. In this paper a theoretical analysis coincidence its benefits sensors presented.

In this paper, we present a capacitive, MEMS based accelerometer comprising an ultra-low noise CMOS integrated readout-IC and high precision bulk micro machined sensing element. The resulting reaches acceleration equivalent of only 200 ng/√Hz, which makes it suitable for seismic measurement that require levels significantly below 1 pgAjHz. design the element are presented in detail results shown demonstrate performance sensor system.

The deployment of communication systems mainly depends on the availability appropriate microelectronics. Therefore, Fraunhofer-Institut fur Mikroelektronische Schaltungen und Systeme (IMS) considers combined approach to and microelectronic system design as crucial. paper explores impact anticipated services for future wireless evolution microelectronics terminals. A roadmap is presented which predicts hardware/software split software defined radio terminals (SDR terminals). Additionally, a...

Accurate localization systems, based on the measurement of time flight a signal between radio devices, also known as real location systems (RTLS) are becoming increasingly important especially in indoor applications. Due to severe multi path conditions, largest problem for those RTLS is detect arrival signals traveling over direct line sight path. We present issues an new high resolution tracker (HRDPT) architecture, that allows efficient hardware implementation method mitigation, and...

We present a 1×80 pixel line sensor for direct time-of-flight measurement based on single-photon avalanche diodes fabricated in high-voltage 0.35 pm CMOS process. An in-pixel time-to-digital-converter with resolution of 312.5 ps determines the arrival time first-photon each emitted laser pulse from flash illumination source all pixels parallel. Distance determination is performed by collecting stamps over multiple pulses histogram and applying proper software algorithms. Ambient light...

Systems which perform digital signal processing in continuous-time are attractive for a number of applications like biomedical implants, hearing aids, remote sensors, telecommunications, and audio speech processing. A main difference to sampled data systems is the realization delay elements must be implemented as quasi-continuous time lines. Thus large chip area required also critical point these systems. Therefore this paper method will presented allows reducing implementation costs power...

Indirect time-of-flight (TOF) measurement with single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) is performed by counting incident photons in several time windows. Since SPADs exhibit dead not all can be counted within a given window. This affects the expected values and, hence, variance of distance measurement. For photon detection rates close to inverse time, which defines maximum count rate SPAD, probability cannot assumed constant window anymore. In this paper, effects on counts as well...

This communication addresses the range accuracy of SPAD-based time-of-flight (TOF) sensors that employ laser pulse modulation. Two basic approaches are considered: indirect and direct TOF. We investigate confidence intervals derive formulas for standard errors relative distance error both based on photon statistics.

A firmware encryption for embedded devices can prevent the from being read out to clone device a counterfeited one or steal intellectual property of software developer. Also integrity is ensured hinder an attacker manipulating malicious one. In this work, cryptographic concept implement Secure Boot functionality using intrinsic properties specific hardware shown. After describing Physical Unclonable Function and cipher used implementation, key generation algorithm explained. Further,...

Abstract Time correlated single photon counting is a statistical method to generate time-correlated histograms (TC-Hists), which are based on the time-of-flight information measured by detectors such as single-photon avalanche diodes. With restricted measurements per histogram and presence of high background light, it challenging obtain target distance in TC-Hist. In order improve data processing robustness under these conditions, concept machine learning applied Using neural network-based...

For applications like autonomous driving a fast and reliable monitoring of the vehicle's environment is essential. With possibility fabricating single-photon avalanche diodes in standard CMOS processes, small cost-efficient time-of-flight sensors can be realized. To estimate performance such sensor general theoretical model taking into account properties light source, sensor, key importance. In this paper we will present to predict parameters achievable range precision different measurement...