The demand of new materials and processes for nanofiber fabrication to enhance the performance air filters is steadily increasing. Typical approaches obtain nanofibers are based on top-down such as melt blowing, centrifugal spinning, electrospinning polymer materials. However, limited with respect either a sufficiently high throughput or smallest achievable fiber diameter. This study reports comprehensively fast simple bottom-up process prepare supramolecular in situ inside viscose/polyester...

Vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) with single-mode, single-polarization emission at a wavelength of 894.6 nm have been fabricated for Cs-based atomic clock applications. For polarization control, monolithically integrated surface gratings are employed. Simulated and experimental results show that the longitudinal position grating has significant influence on threshold current. With in topmost in-phase layer, currents reduced to 40% compared earlier VCSELs inverted structure....

Vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) with single-mode, single-polarization emission at a wavelength of 894.6 nm have become attractive light sources for miniaturized Cs-based atomic clocks. So far, VCSELs used these applications are single-mode because small active diameters which has the drawbacks increased ohmic resistance and reduced lifetime. By employing surface grating reliefs, enhanced fundamental-mode as well polarization-stable laser oscillation achieved. 5 μm diameter...

The paper firstly presents the method of a dynamic electro-geometrical model. In contrast to classic rolling-sphere it does not use fixed radii, works with varying radius. only uses existing and in international standards accepted results, fundamentals lightning physics, investigations; on that base numerical is elaborated. Using model, secondly some examples protection air-termination rods planned according IEC 62305-3 for classes I-II-III-IV are investigated. It shown, interception...

We present a semiconductor disk laser with fundamental emission at 920 nm which is frequency-doubled utilizing bismuth triborate nonlinear crystal. The generated blue 460 the most suitable wavelength for display applications. device layer design and applied resonator geometry are discussed. Experimental results reveal overall optical-to-optical conversion efficiencies of up to 41.5% 14.5% second-harmonic emission.

Planning the air-terminations for a structure to be protected use of rolling-sphere method (electro-geometrical model) is best way from physics lightning point-of-view. Therefore, international standards prefer this method. However, using only results in possible point-of-strikes on without giving information about probability strikes at individual points compared others.

We report the fabrication and properties of 850nm wavelength AlGaAs/GaAs-based transceiver chips, in which vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) photodiodes are monolithically integrated. Various types devices allow half- full-duplex bidirectional optical interconnection at multiple Gbit/s data rates over a single butt-coupled glass or polymer-clad silica fiber with core diameters 100 200 μm. Whereas metal-semiconductor-metal (MSM) employed for these large-area fibers, we...

We present the monolithic integration, properties, and operation of 850-nm wavelength AlGaAs/GaAs-based vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) PIN (p-doped-intrinsic-n-doped) photodetectors. The stacked layer structure requires sophisticated fabrication methods, but enables use as, e.g., low-cost transceiver (TRx) devices. TRx chips reported here are especially designed for bidirectional short-reach optical data links using a single butt-coupled standard multimode fiber (MMF)....

Interception efficiency is the most important parameter to show effectiveness of air-terminations. With dynamic electro-geometrical model, a numerical method, it possible calculate such interception efficiencies. This model based purely on internationally accepted models, parameters, and dependencies. So far used efficiencies for rod-type An adaption this allows calculation mesh-type Up now kind air-terminations could only be shown an "empirical base". gap closed using results paper.

Interception efficiency (IE) is the most important parameter to show effectiveness of air-termination systems. The dynamic electro-geometrical model (DEGM), a numerical method, capable calculating such interception efficiencies. This purely based on international accepted models, parameters, deviations and dependencies, which are also comprised in IEC 62305. So far it has been used calculate efficiencies for rod-type air-terminations. paper discusses applications using DEGM. A detailed...

We present the monolithic design, fabrication, and properties of 850-nm wavelength AlGaAs-GaAs-based transceiver chips for low-cost bidirectional optical data transmission over a butt-coupled standard multimode fiber few hundred meter length. The with stacked layer structure vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) PIN (p-doped-intrinsic-n-doped) photodetector can well handle rates 9 Gb/s in back-to-back mode 7 500-m-long 50-μm core diameter fiber.

Purpose Processing technologies for cutting and joining electrospun fiber mats are required to produce complex three-dimensional (3D) structures, like a scaffold heart valve tissue engineering. The ability bond very thin porous sheets, thus forming stable 3D geometry, offers completely new design strategies such as organ-shaped scaffolds with void chambers inside. In this study, solvent, glue laser bonding compared regard their retention force practicability. Methods For purpose, samples...

The 2 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">nd</sup> edition of the lightning risk management standard (IEC 62305-2) considers structures, which may endanger environment. In these cases, loss is not limited to structure itself, valid for usual structures. past (Edition 1) this danger was simply taken into account by a special hazard factor, multiplying existing with number. Now, in 2, we add itself "second risk" due losses outside...

Using a state-of-the-art lightning monitoring system LM-S with detection sensors based on the Faraday effect currents caused by direct strikes to different buildings can be analyzed. The measures current parameters, e.g. amplitude, charge, specific energy, time of strike. measured data are compared expected number calculated mainly international standard for risk management IEC 62305-2 Ed.2:2010 [1].

Risk management for structures with a risk of explosion should be considered very carefully when performing analysis according to IEC 62305-2. In contrast the 2006 edition standard, 2010 describes topic "Structures explosion" in more detail. Moreover, Germany separate procedures and parameters are defined (Supplement 3 German DIN EN 62305-2 standard). This paper contents relevant calculations this Supplement 3, together numerical example.

In the present paper data collected from field related to damage statistics of electrical and electronic systems due lightning overvoltages are reported. These damages were registered by German insurance companies in 2005 2006 different structures installations. With use stochastical methods it is possible reassess define cases, which with high probability caused overvoltages. The results stochastic model compared distributions obtained using analytical method, basis for IEC Standard rules.

The great progress in the field of digitization and networking industry brings many advantages as well new challenges. On one hand, it enables business models that hold economic growth potential. other leads to an increased heterogeneity resulting value- added networks. This poses a striking problem when comes interconnection industrial devices establishment models. Since disadvantages can quickly outweigh advantages, activities this area proceed still very cautiously. A solution is offered...

The present paper aims to provide insights for a better and simpler approach risk assessment due lightning. Reference is made the documents recently issued in frame of International European Standards.