For the first time a vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) with single-mode wavelength-tuning over 102 nm in range of 1550 is demonstrated. The fiber-coupled optical output power has maximum 3.5 mW and > 2 entire tuning range. sidemode suppression ratios are 45 dB. wavelength achieved micro-electro mechanical actuation mirror membrane fabricated surface micro-machining for on-wafer mass production. consists low cost dielectric materials (SiOx/SiNy) deposited temperature (< 100°C)...

We compare the results of different optical vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser models on position-dependent effects thin oxide apertures. Both scalar and vectorial as well hybrid are considered. Physical quantities that compared resonance wavelength, threshold material gain, modal stability. For large device diameters low-order modes, agreement between is quite good. Larger differences occur when considering smaller devices higher order modes. It also observed spread in wavelengths than for gain.

Vertical cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) with a well-defined and predictable polarization of the emitted light are sought for number applications. In this paper, we show that one can define stabilize single- multimode oxide-confined VCSELs monolithically integrated dielectric surface grating. recent years, have developed three-dimensional, fully vectorial model VCSELs, which proved to nicely reproduce experimental results quite complex structures, such as noncircular devices...

Vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) with single-mode, single-polarization emission at a wavelength of 894.6 nm have been fabricated for Cs-based atomic clock applications. For polarization control, monolithically integrated surface gratings are employed. Simulated and experimental results show that the longitudinal position grating has significant influence on threshold current. With in topmost in-phase layer, currents reduced to 40% compared earlier VCSELs inverted structure....

The electromagnetic problem of modeling vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers with their full three-dimensional characteristics is analyzed, including oxide confinement, mesa mirrors, metal contacts, and noncircular geometries. model based on the mode expansion field in continuous basis cylindrical TE TM modes cavity medium coupled theory. vectorial treatment allows a correct analysis polarization these lasers, which topic great interest both for device physics many applications. A...

Vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) have become leading light sources in plenty of applications due to their good characteristics and low costs. There are, however, some features that need improvements; therefore, optimized or new designs ideas are necessary. To this aim, an electromagnetic simulation tool, which is fast precise at the same time, desirable; cover all possible requirements, it should be fully three-dimensional (3-D) vectorial. A model with such was first proposed...

We report the onset of wave chaos in a real-world vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser. In joint experimental and modeling approach we demonstrate that small deformation one layer complicated laser structure changes emission properties qualitatively. Based on analysis spatial profiles spectral eigenvalue spacing distributions, attribute these to transition from regular behavior chaos, justify full analogy two-dimensional billiards by model calculations. Hence, lasers represent fascinating...

In this paper, we present fixed-wavelength, vertical-cavity-surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) based on InP with remarkable single-mode (SM) output powers. It is shown that a precise choice of the diameters ring geometry bottom GaInAs intracavity contact layer severely affects guiding behavior fundamental and first-order modes inside cavity. Experimental data, statistics, theories will be discussed how to overcome spatial hole burning master thermal efficient current injection in order extend...

The properties of vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) are investigated by means a multiphysical Vcsel Electro-opto-thermal NUmerical Simulator (VENUS). VENUS includes three-dimensional vectorial electromagnetic code, description the quantum well optical response, heat equation solver, and quantum-corrected drift-diffusion simulator. proposed suite coupling mechanisms often overlooked in VCSEL simulation allows to reassess impact parameters, which can be critically dependent on...

We present a comprehensive fully vectorial model for the cavity eigenmodes of oxide-confined vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) with details their complex structure. It includes device-inherent symmetry-breaking mechanisms like noncircular geometries and material anisotropies related to elasto-optic electro-optic effect. The latter is accounted in starting from doping profiles. compare these theoretical results experimental findings spectrally polarization-resolved transverse...

In this work, two-photon polymerization three-dimensional laser writing is used to integrate a microlens on the surface of single mode polarization-stable vertical-cavity surface-emitting (VCSEL) be as current-driven tunable source in compact optical guided-wave gas sensor. The conditions are optimized enable on-demand room temperature and single-step fabrication at post-mounting stage. We show that time 5 min sufficient fabricate efficiently reduces VCSEL beam divergence, without...

In this work we investigate the ultrabroadband dynamics of transverse coupled cavity VCSELs.This study is based on a multimode rate equation model, whose parameters are directly provided by full-wave vectorial electromagnetic solver.This approach sets step towards comprehensive physicsbased modeling transverse-coupled VCSELs, providing relation between features optical supermodes and enhancements intensity modulation response.The emphasizes how bandwidth enhancement, ascribable to...

We demonstrate numerically and experimentally that, in vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs), a non-chiral cavity can be converted into chiral one by the interaction between sub-wavelength grating tilted with respect to crystalline axes intrinsic semiconductor optical anisotropies, thus enabling emission of elliptically polarized light. The measured Stokes parameters such VCSEL, realized standard based VCSEL fabricati on process, are line modeling results. through simulations that...

High-Contrast Gratings (HCG) are modeled in a rigorous way by new mode-matching approach. They highly attractive because they have recently proved suitable to replace distributed Bragg mirrors Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers (VCSELs). Through change of basis from plane cylindrical waves, the generalized transmission matrix grating layer is obtained form that can be directly used within VCSEL ELectroMagnetic (VELM) code. This fully 3-D vectorial code developed at IEIIT-CNR (Turin,...

Polarization control in vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) has attracted a lot of interest and different techniques have been proposed to achieve it. Among them, one the most attractive relies on slight modifications existing well-behaving devices, i.e., by introducing noncircular transverse section layer somewhere device. Even though experimental verifications this principle already carried out, theoretical framework better understand possibly optimize such devices is still...

Monolithically integrated surface gratings have proven to control the polarization of single-mode and even multimode vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) very effectively. Unfortunately, up until now, grating parameters had be known realized accurately for proper performance. The simulations experimental results presented in this paper show good agreement that by changing thickness cap layer VCSEL structure, dependence on can strongly reduced. With modification, devices, we...

The effective interplay of simulation and experimental results for analysis optimization microelectromechanical system (MEMS)-tunable vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) operating at wavelength around 1.55 mum is presented. VCSEL combines a MEMS with concave Al-GaAs-GaAs mirror membrane an InP-based active cavity tunnel junction aperture in hybrid two-chip assembly. Using electrothermal actuation the included air-gap can be expanded resonance tuned to longer wavelengths. are...

We present a detailed experimental as well theoretical study of vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) with and without etched surface modifications. The so-called inverted relief leads to suppression higher-order transverse modes, where measurements output power optical spectra show maximum single-mode 6.1 mW. For simulations, hot-cavity model is applied, which can handle the complex electrical, thermal, electromagnetic problems in VCSEL structure fully 3-D manner. characteristics...

Tunable vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) are becoming key components in several sensing applications, where single-mode, single polarization light is required. In such devices, high-contrast gratings (HCGs) very promising mirrors, because of their high reflectivity, strong discrimination, and low-volume occupation. However, introduction might lead to unexpected increases the threshold gain, destroying tuning performance. this paper, these phenomena investigated explained...

We present a detailed study of oxide-confined, vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) where the reflectivity top mirror has been patterned by means metal grid, which at same time acts also as an electrode. Owing to their features, these kind devices are commonly referred phase-coupled VCSEL arrays. The analysis is based on joint experimental and theoretical effort: former devoted complete characterization emission properties, while latter comprehensive fully vectorial model for...

Vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) with a single-mode single-polarization emission at wavelength of approximately 763 nm have become attractive for oxygen sensing. Up to now, VCSELs used this application are because small active diameter which correspondingly leads optical output power. Employing the surface relief technique and in particular grating technique, we increased more than 2.5 mW averaged over large device quantity. To best our knowledge, is highest power ever...

A simple microelectromechanical systems technology for wafer-scale integration of tunable vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) is presented. The key element a self-aligned reflow process to form photoresist droplets, which serve as sacrificial layer and preform curved micromirror. Using 3-D electromagnetic model, the half-symmetric cavity optimized singlemode emission. demonstrated electrically pumped, short-wavelength (850 nm) VCSELs, but transferable other wavelengths material...

The operation of several optical components, such as high-contrast gratings, is based on the interference between two oscillation modes. Therefore, this paper devoted to complete characterization bimodal Fabry–Perot interferometers, which can effectively model two-mode interactions. Thanks a novel parameterization mirror scattering matrices, presents for first time explicit expressions interferometer response, proving phenomena 100% reflection peaks, and predicting their positions. For...