Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an effective therapy for medically refractory movement disorders. However, fundamental questions remain about the effects of DBS on neurons surrounding electrode. Experimental studies have produced apparently contradictory results showing suppression activity in stimulated nucleus, but increased inputs to projection nuclei. We hypothesized that cell body firing does not accurately reflect efferent output with high-frequency extracellular pulses, and this...

The "ascending reticular activating system" theory proposed that neurons in the upper brainstem formation projected to forebrain targets promoted wakefulness. More recent formulations have emphasized most at pontomesencephalic junction participate these pathways are actually monoaminergic and cholinergic cell groups. However, cell-specific lesions of groups never been able reproduce deep coma seen after acute paramedian midbrain transect ascending axons caudal level. To determine whether...

Type enforcement is a table-oriented mandatory access control mechanism well-suited for confining applications and restricting information flows. Although both flexible strong, type alone imposes significant administrative costs has not been widely adopted. Domain Enforcement (DTE) an enhanced version of designed to provide needed simplicity compatibility. Two primary techniques distinguish DTE from simple enforcement: policies are expressed in high-level language that includes file security...

To develop a novel quantitative EEG (qEEG) based analysis method, cepstral distance (CD) and compare it to spectral (SD) in detecting changes related global ischemia rats.Adult Wistar rats were subjected asphyxic-cardiac arrest for sham, 1, 3, 5 7 min (n=5 per group). The signal was processed fitted into an autoregressive (AR) model. A pre-injury baseline compared selected data segments during asphyxia recovery. dissimilarities the measured using CD SD. segment considered abnormal when...

The mesencephalic (or midbrain) locomotor region (MLR) was first described in 1966 by Shik and colleagues, who demonstrated that electrical stimulation of this induced locomotion decerebrate (intercollicular transection) cats. pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPT) cholinergic neurons midbrain extrapyramidal area (MEA) have been suggested to form the neuroanatomical basis for MLR, but direct evidence role these structures behavior has lacking. Here, we tested hypothesis MLR is composed...

The burst-suppression (BS) pattern of the EEG occurs in a rather limited number conditions. It has been observed deep stages general anesthesia and conjunction with sedative overdoses. is also known to occur wake cardiorespiratory arrest. Undercutting cortex found result BS activity. Rare neonatal epileptic encephalopathies give rise BS. Our personal interest was prompted by consistent finding activity rats following cerebral anoxia (nitrogen inhalation, airway obstruction): after periods...

Burst suppression patterns in electroencephalograms (EEG's) have been observed a variety of situations including recovery subject from traumatic brain injury. They are associated with grave prognostic outcomes neonates. We study power spectral parameters and bispectral the EEG at baseline, during early an asphyxic arrest (EEG burst patterns) late after evolves into more continuous activity. The bicoherence indexes, which indicate degree phase coupling between two frequency components signal,...

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Cerebral anoxia is fundamental to morbidity and mortality after resuscitation from cardiac arrest. With no proven effective primary therapy for post‐anoxic brain injury, the goal of neurologic care are supportive, provide prognosis prevention further complications. multifaceted approach using electroencephalography (EEG), somatosensory evoked potentials (SEP), multiunit recordings, behavioral histologic assessment, we investigated hyperacute recovery period arrest in a...

Summary: Purpose: Physiological evidence has shown that the anterior thalamus (AN) and its associated efferents/afferents constitute an important propagation pathway for pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)‐mediated generalized seizures in rodents. Previous work demonstrated metabolic, physical, chemical, electrical stimulation data supporting a role AN expression of PTZ seizures. We now extend these observations through examination neuroelectric signal indicators during seizure epochs. show EEG recorded...

Identification of two markers neurons in the pre-Bötzinger complex (pre-BötC), neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1R) and somatostatin (Sst) peptide, has been great utility understanding essential role pre-BötC breathing. Recently, transcription factor dbx1 was identified as a critical, but transient, determinant glutamatergic neurons. Here, to identify additional markers, we constructed screened single-cell subtractive cDNA library from inspiratory We glycoprotein reelin potentially useful marker,...

Cardiac arrest (CA) entails significant risks of coma resulting in poor neurological and behavioral outcomes after resuscitation. Significant subsequent morbidity mortality post-CA patients are largely due to the cerebral cardiac dysfunction that accompanies prolonged whole-body ischemia syndrome (PCAS). PCAS results strong inflammatory responses including neuroinflammation response leading outcome. Currently, there no proven neuroprotective therapies improve apart from therapeutic...

This study examined the course of EEG recovery in an animal model hypoxic-ischemic injury. The used periods hypoxia, room air and asphyxia to induce cardiac arrest. One-week-old piglets (n = 16) were exposed a period complete for 7 minutes. After arrest resuscitation, two features evaluated as prognostic indicators behavioral outcome assessed by neuroscore at 24 hours after insult. A prominent feature was number duration bursts evident during recovery. Episodes bursting detected through...