Contextual analysis is used to examine models of group, hard, and soft selection the evolution altruism. We extend methodology for measuring phenotypic multiple levels in structured populations by analyzing acting on a trait at individual level its mean group level. With contextual analysis, we partition into components using partial regressions These analyses identify level(s) which distinguish indirect from direct other absence indicates that individuals Under selection, though all groups...

The study of group selection has developed along two autonomous lines. One approach, which we refer to as the adaptationist school, seeks understand evolution existing traits by examining plausible mechanisms for their and persistence. other genetic examine how currently acting artificial or natural changes within populations focuses on current evolutionary change. levels debate lies mainly whereas experimental studies lie school. Because very different traditions goals these schools, have...

A new species of the genus Triatoma Laporte, 1832 (Hemiptera, Reduviidae) is described based on specimens collected in department Huehuetenango, Guatemala. Triatomahuehuetenanguensissp. n. closely related to T.dimidiata (Latreille, 1811), with following main morphological differences: lighter color; smaller overall size, including head length; and width length pronotum. Natural Trypanosomacruzi (Chagas, 1909) infection, coupled its presence domestic habitats, makes this a potentially important vector

Reproductive isolation is induced by microorganisms in diverse geographic strains of the flour beetle Tribolium confusum (Coleoptera:Tenebrionidae). The incompatibility between populations due to nongenetic cytoplasmically inherited factors. Males infected produce no progeny when crossed with females noninfected strains; however, they "normal" numbers females. from show reproductive isolation. Infected T. can be cured tetracycline or other antibiotics are added medium. "Cured" become...

In this paper, Triatoma mopansp. n. is described based on five males and six females collected in the Rio Frio cave, Cayo District, Belize. This species similar to dimidiata (Latreille), but can be distinguished by characters found pronotum, legs, abdomen. Geometric morphometry phylogenetic comparisons are also provided. Presently, known only from type locality a potential Chagas vector.

The bacteria in the genus Wolbachia are cytoplasmically inherited symbionts of arthropods. Infection often causes profound changes host reproduction, enhancing bacterial transmission and spread a population. reproductive alterations known to result from infection include cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI), parthenogenesis, feminization genetic males, fecundity enhancement, male killing and, perhaps, lethality. Here, we report third insect, black flour beetle Tribolium madens, based on highly...

▪ Abstract Wolbachia bacteria are cytoplasmic endosymbionts with a wide range of effects on their hosts and known to infect two major invertebrate groups, arthropods nematodes. In alter host reproduction, causing unidirectional bidirectional incompatibility, parthenogenesis, feminization, embryonic male killing. variation in reproductive is indicative high degree evolutionary plasticity. As many as 75% may be infected Wolbachia, which addition affecting can also directly affect fitness by...

Inbreeding depression is environmentally dependent, such that a population may suffer from inbreeding in one environment but not another. We examined the phenotypic responses of 35 inbred ( F = 0.672) lineages red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum two different climatic environments. found significant environmental effect on males females. More important, we rank fitness order differs between environments; high have low another environment. This change evident genotype‐by‐environment...

This study partitions selection in natural populations of jewelweed, Impatiens capensis, into group- and individual-level components. Group has been a subject controversy for decades, yet this is the first to partition phenotypic population. Using contextual analysis combined with path analysis, we measured correlation between fitness components (survival rate reproduction, chasmogamous [open-pollinated] seed production, cleistogamous [selfed] production) several traits. Survival was studied...

Physicians in the United States should familiarize themselves with "kissing bugs" endemic to their area of practice and appreciate medical implications bites. Bite victims often seek advice from physicians about allergic reactions as well risk contracting Chagas disease. are generally knowledgeable role kissing bugs transmission Trypanosoma cruzi Latin America. However, they may be unaware (1) severe bug salivary antigens, (2) widespread occurrence T. amongst vertebrate hosts bugs, (3)...

Chagas disease, considered a neglected disease by the World Health Organization, is caused protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, and transmitted >140 triatomine species across Americas. In Central America, main vector Triatoma dimidiata, an opportunistic blood meal feeder inhabiting both domestic sylvatic ecotopes. Given diversity of interacting biological agents involved in epidemiology having simultaneous information on dynamics parasite, vector, gut microbiome source would facilitate...

Journal Article INBREEDING: ITS EFFECT ON RESPONSE TO SELECTION FOR PUPAL WEIGHT AND THE HERITABLE VARIANCE IN FITNESS FLOUR BEETLE, TRIBOLIUM CASTANEUM Get access Michael J. Wade, Wade Department of Ecology and Evolution The University Chicago Illinois 60637 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Stephen M. Shuster, Shuster Biological Sciences Northern Arizona Flagstaff 86011‐5640 Lori Stevens Zoology Vermont Burlington 05405 Evolution, Volume 50, Issue 2,...

Feeding patterns of the vector are important in epidemiology Chagas disease, leading cause heart disease Latin America. is caused by parasite, Trypanasoma cruzi, which transmitted blood feeding insects. Historically, behaviours haematophagous insects have been investigated using serological reactions, detection limits terms both taxonomic resolution, and quantity quality meal. They labor intensive, require technical expertise, need fresh or frozen samples antibodies often either not...

A high proportion of triatomine insects, vectors for Trypanosoma cruzi trypanosomes, collected in Arizona and California examined using a novel assay had fed on humans. Other insects were positive T. parasite infection, which indicates that the potential exists vector transmission Chagas disease United States.

In this study, we evaluate the effect of participatory Ecohealth interventions on domestic reinfestation Chagas disease vector Triatoma dimidiata after village-wide suppression population using a residual insecticide. The study was conducted in rural community La Brea, Guatemala between 2002 and 2009 where infestation analyzed within spatial data framework based entomological socio-economic surveys homesteads village. Participatory focused awareness low-cost home improvements local materials...

Cannibalism plays a major role in population regulation Tribolium confusum, accounting for up to tenfold differences size between different genetic strains. I characterized the within- and between-strain variation cannibalism using standard quantitative-genetic methods. The four laboratory strains studied have similar birth death rates but differ their strain-specific cannibalistic tendencies. of were stable more than 60 generations husbandry. found considerable within each strain. A...

This paper reports on the effects of a cytoplasmically inherited reproductive incompatibility in different genetic strains flour beetle, Tribolium confusum. We measured rate spread and effect host population size using initial frequencies infection with cytoplasmic factor that mediates incompatibility. There were two experiments, one infected uninfected lines from same strain, b-Yugoslavia. In other, line was "high cannibalism" bIV strain "low bI strain. estimate fitness ratio to...

For Chagas disease, the most serious infectious disease in Americas, effective control depends on elimination of vectors through spraying with insecticides. Molecular genetic research can help vector programs by identifying and characterizing populations then developing intervention strategies.

Little is known about the strains of Trypanosoma cruzi circulating in Central America and specifically most important vector this region, Triatoma dimidiata. Approximately six million people are infected with T. cruzi, causative agent Chagas disease, which has greatest negative economic impact responsible for ~12,000 deaths annually Latin America. By international consensus, divided into monophyletic clades called discrete typing units (DTUs TcI-VI) a seventh DTU first identified bats TcBat....

Triatoma dimidiata (Latreille, 1811) is the most abundant and significant insect vector of parasite Trypanosoma cruzi in Central America, particularly Guatemala. Tr. causative agent Chagas disease, successful disease control requires understanding geographic distribution degree migration vectors such as T. that frequently re-infest houses within months following insecticide application. The population genetic structure collected from six villages southern Guatemala was studied to gain...

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The Andean valleys of Bolivia are the only reported location sylvatic Triatoma infestans, main vector Chagas disease in this country, and high human prevalence Trypanosoma cruzi infection region is hypothesized to result from ability vectors persist domestic, peri-domestic, environments. Determination rate its triatomine an important element programs directed at reducing infections. Traditionally, T. has been detected insect by direct microscopic examination extruded feces, or dissection...