The synapse is the primary locus of cell–cell communication in nervous system. It now clear that incorporates diverse cell signaling modalities addition to classical neurotransmission. Here we show two components insulin pathway are localized at CNS synapses, where they postsynaptic density (PSD). An immunochemical screen revealed polypeptides 58 and 53 kDa (p58/53) were highly enriched PSD fractions from rat cerebral cortex, hippocampus, cerebellum. These purified microsequenced, revealing...

Seven patients are described in whom dementia developed during treatment with methotrexate for meningeal leukaemia. The presented confusion, tremor, ataxia, irritability, and somnolence. There were major epileptic fits two cases one case there was progression to coma death. Necropsy findings the latter showed infarcted areas temporal parietal lobes, no evidence of active leukaemic disease or viral encephalitis. condition has not responded radiotherapy positive encephalitis been obtained. On...

Myosin VI (Myo6) is an actin-based motor protein implicated in clathrin-mediated endocytosis nonneuronal cells, though little known about its function the nervous system. Here, we find that Myo6 highly expressed throughout brain, localized to synapses, and enriched at postsynaptic density. Myo6-deficient (Snell's waltzer; sv/sv) hippocampus exhibits a decrease synapse number, abnormally short dendritic spines, profound astrogliosis. Similarly, cultured sv/sv hippocampal neurons display...

Summary Background and objectives Vitamin D deficiency is an important contributor to the development of hyperparathyroidism independently associated with cardiovascular bone disease. The hypothesis was that nutritional vitamin (ergocalciferol) supplementation in children CKD stages 2–4 delays onset secondary hyperparathyroidism. Design, setting, participants, & measurements A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study CKD2–4 who had 25-hydroxyvitamin [25(OH)D] conducted....

The ability of neurons to modify synaptic connections based on activity is essential for information processing and storage in the brain. induction long-lasting changes strength requires new protein synthesis often mediated by NMDA-type glutamate receptors (NMDARs). We used a dark-rearing paradigm examine mRNA translational regulation visual cortex after experience-induced plasticity. In this model system, we demonstrate that experience induces translation encoding α-subunit...

Long-term synaptic plasticity is both protein synthesis-dependent and synapse-specific. Therefore, the identity of newly synthesized proteins, their localization, mechanism regulation are critical to our understanding this process. Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) a secreted protease required for some forms long-term plasticity. Here, we show tPA activity rapidly increased in hippocampal neurons after glutamate stimulation. This increase corresponds an synthesis that results from...

Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), a bone-derived phosphaturic hormone, is elevated in chronic kidney disease (CKD). There are scarce data on the levels of its essential co-receptor klotho, and longitudinal changes FGF23 also unknown. We examined soluble klotho (s-klotho) over 1 year 154 children with CKD Stages 1–5 (CKD1–5), were dialysis or who have received transplantation. In CKD1–5 receiving dialysis, correlated inversely estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) (P < 0.001),...

Dynamin is a GTPase involved in endocytosis and other aspects of membrane trafficking. A critical function the presynaptic compartment attributed to brain-specific dynamin isoform, dynamin-1, synaptic vesicle recycling. We report that dynamin-2 specifically interacts with members Shank/ProSAP family postsynaptic density scaffolding proteins present evidence associated density. These data are consistent role for this otherwise broadly distributed form glutamate receptor down-regulation...

The precise orchestration of synaptic differentiation is critical for efficient information exchange in the nervous system. nerve–muscle synapse forms response to agrin, which secreted from motor nerve terminal and induces clustering acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) other elements postsynaptic apparatus on subjacent muscle cell surface. In view highly restricted spatial localization plasticity neuromuscular junctions, it seems likely that formation maintenance are regulated by additional,...

Neuronal morphogenesis, the growth and arborization of neuronal processes, is an essential component brain development. Two important but seemingly disparate components regulating morphology have previously been described. In hippocampus, neurotrophins, particularly brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) neurotrophin-3 (NT3), act to enhance cell branching, while activity-induced branching was shown be dependent upon intracellular β-catenin. We now describe a molecular link between NT3...

Article16 June 2009Open Access Translational switch for long-term maintenance of synaptic plasticity Naveed Aslam Department Neurobiology and Anatomy, The University Texas, Medical School at Houston, TX, USA Search more papers by this author Yoshi Kubota David Wells Cellular, Molecular Developmental Biology Yale University, New Haven, CT, Harel Z Shouval Corresponding Author Biomedical Engineering the Austin, Information Aslam1, Kubota1, Wells2 1,3 1Department 2Department 3Department...

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is increasingly recognised as a complication of childhood chronic kidney (CKD) even in the absence diabetes and hypertension. We hypothesized that an alteration angiopoietin-1 -2, growth factors which regulate endothelial vascular function could be involved. report survival factor, low children with pre-dialysis CKD whereas pro-inflammatory angiopoietin-2 elevated on dialysis. In dialysis patients, positively correlated time dialysis, systolic blood pressure,...

Abstract Cytoplasmic polyadenylation element-binding protein 1 (CPEB1) is an mRNA-binding present in both neurons and glia. CPEB1 capable of repressing mRNA translation activating it depending upon its phosphorylation state. CPEB1-bound mRNAs are held translational dormancy until phosphorylated, leading to the cytoplasmic bound that triggers translation. Here, we show can bind regulate mRNA-encoding metadherin (MTDH, also known as AEG-1 Lyric) rat glioblastoma cell line CNS1. MTDH/AEG-1...

The ability of neurons to modify synaptic connections is critical for proper brain development and function in the adult. It now clear that changes strength are often accompanied by morphology. This plasticity can be maintained varying lengths time depending on type neuronal activity first induced changes. Long-term requires synthesis new proteins, one mechanism regulation experience-induced protein involves cytoplasmic polyadenylation element binding (CPEB1). CPEB1 bidirectionally regulate...

Abstract A crucial step in directed cell migration is the recruitment of cytoskeletal regulatory and signaling proteins to leading edge cell. One protein localized a migrating astrocyte β‐catenin. Using an vitro wound‐healing assay, we show that localization β‐catenin dependent upon new synthesis at time wounding. We examined mRNA encoding for potential elements identified conserved cytoplasmic polyadenylation element 3′‐untranslated region (UTR). now CPE‐binding (CPEB1) expressed astrocytes...