Broad action potentials (APs) and dopamine (DA) D 2 receptor (D R)-mediated inhibition are widely used to identify midbrain DA neurons. However, when these measures taken alone they do not predict content in ventral tegmental area (VTA) In fact, some VTA neuronal properties correlate better with projection target than neurotransmitter content. Here we report that amygdala (AMYG)-projecting neurons have brief APs lack R agonist (quinpirole; 1 μ m ) autoinhibition. hyperpolarized by both the...

Abstract Early‐life stress increases the prevalence of psychiatric diseases associated with emotional dysregulation. Emotional regulation requires inhibitory influence medial prefrontal cortex ( mPFC ) on amygdalar activity, and dysfunction this system is believed to induce anxiety. Because amygdala have dense reciprocal connections projections between them continue develop until adolescence, early‐life may impair function circuit cause We examined effects during development anxiety‐like...

Interferon-alpha commonly induces depressive symptoms in clinical populations; however, the mechanism by which this occurs is unclear. Recent studies suggest that degeneration of axons containing serotonin and noradrenaline involved pathophysiology depression. The present immunohistochemical study shows density serotonergic decreased ventral medial prefrontal cortex amygdala interferon-alpha-treated animals. Additionally, interferon-alpha induced decreases noradrenergic dorsal cortex,...

Vitamin A-derived retinoic acids (RAs) are known to exert a variety of biological actions, including modulatory effects on cell differentiation and apoptosis. A recent study has demonstrated that 13-cis-RA all-trans-RA suppressed neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus hippocampus adult mice. The present experiments were performed see whether could alter dendritic morphology cultured hippocampal neurons via RA receptors: acid receptor (RAR) retinoid X (RXR). High doses exerted negative effect...

Abstract Retinoids influence cellular processes such as differentiation, proliferation and apoptosis via retinoic acid receptor (RAR) retinoid X (RXR), have therapeutic applications in several cancers dermatologic diseases. Recent reports indicate that depression occasionally occurs patients using the acne drug Accutane, active component of which is 13‐ cis ‐retinoic (13‐ ‐RA). Although impairment serotonin (5‐HT)‐expressing neurons, including morphologic changes, thought to be associated...

Abstract The hippocampal CA1 is necessary to maintain experienced episodic memory in many species, including humans. To monitor the temporal dynamics of processing, we recorded multiple-unit firings neurons male rats experiencing one four episodes for 10 min: restraint stress, social interaction with a female or male, observation novel object. Before an experience, mostly exhibited sporadic some synchronized (≈ 50 ms) ripple-like firing events habituated home cage. After experience onset,...

The hippocampus is known to play an important role in memory by processing spatiotemporal information of episodic experiences. By recording synchronized multiple-unit firing events (ripple firings with 300 Hz–10 kHz) hippocampal CA1 neurons freely moving rats, we previously found episode-dependent diversity the waveform ripple firings. In present study, hypothesized that changes would depend on type episode experienced. If this hypothesis holds, can identify waveforms associated each...

Since ripples in hippocampal CA1 diversify with episodic experience to increase information entropy, we hypothesized that contain local waveforms (shapelets) memories are encoded. Finding shapelets from of rats experienced an episode contributes verify our hypothesis. In this letter, find key ripples, proposed a method consisting k ‐shape for clustering time‐series waveforms, shapelet transform classify and L 1 regularized logistic regression select factors classification transform. Among...

This paper is the first report of studies on amenity water facilities in housing areas. Those have been intended to make planning guide for them. In this paper, are devided into several types at and then, six areas which defferent them selected order compare with each other. area, by using questionaires mainly survey residents' utilization behavior estimation it, hearing designers maintenance engineers acutual condition area made clear. Then some characteristics problems various view...

Abstract Episodic memory contains “what-where-when” information of personal experience. There are innumerable episodes, but how the brain processes each episode remains unknown. We discovered episode-specific synchronized activities by multiple neurons in hippocampal CA1, which were characterized super burst, ripple-firing, and no-firing silent periods. Since CA1 exhibited cell-dependent diversification plasticity at excitatory/inhibitory synapses, burst may be a trigger event for synaptic...