We theoretically investigate self-oscillating waves of an active material, which were recently introduced as a nonsymmetric part the elastic moduli, termed odd elasticity. Using Purcell's three-link swimmer model, we reveal that odd-elastic filament at low Reynolds number can swim in self-organized manner and time-periodic dynamics are characterized by stable limit cycle generated elastohydrodynamic interactions. Also, consider noisy shape gait derive swimming formula for general material...

Using Onsager's variational principle, we derive dynamical equations for a nonequilibrium active system with odd elasticity. The elimination of the extra variable that is coupled to driving force leads nonreciprocal set material coordinates. obtained manifest physical origin elastic constants are proportional and friction coefficients. Our approach offers systematic consistent way matter in which time-reversal symmetry broken.

We investigate the statistical properties of fluctuations in active systems that are governed by non-symmetric responses. Both an underdamped Langevin system with odd resistance tensor and overdamped elastic studied. For a thermal equilibrium, time-correlation functions should satisfy time-reversal symmetry anti-symmetric parts correlation vanish. systems, however, we find can exist they proportional to either coefficient or constant. This means invariance is broken due presence responses...

This study expands the odd-elastic description of microswimmers to a nonlinear regime and provides unified framework for studying non-local, non-reciprocal interactions an elastic material in viscous fluid, like biological flagellar motion.

We perform numerical simulations of a model micromachine driven by catalytic chemical reactions. Our includes mechano-chemical coupling between the structural variables and nonequilibrium variable describing The time-correlation functions are calculated further analyzed in terms odd Langevin dynamics. obtain effective elastic constant that manifests broken time-reversal symmetry micromachine. Within simulation, we separately estimate quantity called nonreciprocality show its behavior is...

We use the Deep Q-Network with reinforcement learning to investigate emergence of odd elasticity in an elastic microswimmer model. For microswimmer, it is challenging obtain optimized dynamics due intricate elastohydrodynamic interactions. However, our machine-trained model adopts a transition strategy (the waiting behavior) optimize locomotion. trained microswimmers, we evaluate performance cycles by product loop area (called ) and frequency show that average swimming velocity proportional...

Abstract Using an underdamped active Ornstein-Uhlenbeck particle, we propose two information swimmer models having either external or internal feedback control and perform their numerical simulations. Depending on the velocity that is measured after every fixed time interval (measurement time), friction coefficient modified in externally controlled model, whereas persistence for activity changed internally one. In steady state, both of these swimmers acquire finite average velocities noisy...

Among several models for microswimmers, the three-sphere microswimmer proposed by Najafi and Golestanian captures essential mechanism locomotion of a in viscous fluid. Owing to its simplicity flexibility, original model has been extended generalized various ways discuss new swimming mechanisms microswimmers. We shall provide systematic concise review extensions microswimmers that have developed present authors. In particular, we following seven cases; elastic, thermal, odd, autonomous...

The variational principle of the Onsager-Machlup integral is used to describe stochastic dynamics a micromachine, such as an enzyme, characterized by odd elasticity. obtained most probable path found become non-reciprocal in presence elasticity and further related entropy production.

Adhering hydrogel systems are important particularly in the medical field because they can be used as adhesives cross-linking between living tissues. In this research, hydrogels including cationic substituents prepared via free-radical polymerization were brought into contact after applying an aqueous dispersion of layered inorganic compound Micromica to their surfaces. As a result, adhered each other due intercalation included gel networks interlayers Micromica. water content ratio...

We discuss the non-equilibrium statistical mechanics of a thermally driven micromachine consisting three spheres and two harmonic springs [Y. Hosaka et al., J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 86, 113801 (2017)]. obtain steady state probability distribution function such calculate its flux in corresponding configuration space. The resulting can be expressed terms frequency matrix that is used to distinguish between thermal equilibrium satisfying detailed balance. shown proportional temperature difference...

We discuss the dynamics of a generalized three-sphere microswimmer in which spheres are connected by two elastic springs. The natural length each spring is assumed to undergo prescribed cyclic change. analytically obtain average swimming velocity as function frequency change length. In low-frequency region, increases with and its expression reduces that original model Najafi Golestanian. high-frequency conversely, decreases increasing frequency. Such behavior originates from intrinsic...

We discuss the hydrodynamic collective effects due to active protein molecules that are immersed in lipid bilayer membranes and modeled as stochastic force dipoles. specifically take into account presence of bulk solvent surrounds two-dimensional fluid membrane. Two membrane geometries considered: free case confined case. Using generalized mobility tensors, we estimate diffusion coefficient drift velocity a function size diffusing object. The screening lengths distinguish two asymptotic...

We propose a model for thermally driven microswimmer in which three spheres are connected by two springs with odd elasticity. demonstrate that the presence of elasticity leads to directional locomotion stochastic microswimmer.

We propose a model that describes cyclic state transitions of micromachine driven by catalytic chemical reaction. consider mechanochemical coupling variables representing the degree reaction and internal micromachine. The total free energy consists tilted periodic potential energy. assume variable obeys deterministic stepwise dynamics characterized two typical timescales, i.e., mean first passage time transition path time. To estimate functionality micromachine, we focus on quantity called...

With the use of "two-fluid model", we discuss anomalous diffusion induced by active force dipoles in viscoelastic media. Active dipoles, such as proteins and bacteria, generate non-thermal fluctuating flows that lead to a substantial increment diffusion. Using partial Green's function two-fluid model, first obtain passive (thermal) two-point correlation functions displacement cross-correlation between two point particles separated finite distance. We then calculate (non-thermal) one-point...

Hydrogels comprising anionic substituents in their polymer network were synthesized and adhered to each other following application of layered double hydroxides (LDHs) onto surfaces. The resulting systems displayed high adhesive strength tolerance for changes parameters like solvent, salt concentration, temperature. In experiments involving hydrogels with bulky substituents, it was confirmed that the efficiency intercalation groups into inorganic compound LDH determines adhesion. Moreover,...

We discuss the directional motion of an elastic three-sphere micromachine in which spheres are equilibrium with independent heat baths having different temperatures. Even absence prescribed springs, such a can gain net purely because thermal fluctuations. A relation connecting average velocity and temperatures is analytically obtained. This also be expressed terms flows steady state. Our model suggests new mechanism for locomotion micromachines nonequilibrium biological systems.

We suggest several reciprocal swimming mechanisms that lead to locomotion only in viscoelastic fluids. In the first situation, we consider a three-sphere microswimmer with difference oscillation amplitudes for two arms. second which one of frequencies arm motion is twice as large other one. third two-sphere size spheres. all these three cases, average velocity proportional imaginary part complex shear viscosity surrounding medium. show it essential micromachine break its structural symmetry...

In this study, we investigate the transition path of a free active Brownian particle (ABP) on two-dimensional plane between two given states. The extremum conditions for most probable connecting states are derived using Onsager-Machlup integral and its variational principle. We provide explicit solutions to these demonstrate their nonuniqueness through an analogy with pendulum equation indicating possible multiple paths. is also employed characterize shape globally obtained by explicitly...

Dielectric and conductive frequency spectra in a 10 mHz-10 GHz range have been measured for composite consisting of barium titanate (BaTiO/sub 3/) inclusions dispersed LiClO/sub 4/-doped polyethylene oxide (Li-PEO) matrix with volume fraction /spl Phi/ = 0-40%. Pure Li-PEO behaves as dielectric showing segmental-mode relaxation at high frequencies (dielectric regime) transfers to an ionic conductor below MHz (conductive regime). BaTiO/sub 3/ is ferroelectric having very large permittivity...

Optical tracking in vivo experiments reveal that diffusion of particles biological cells is strongly enhanced the presence ATP and experimental data for animal could previously be reproduced within a phenomenological model gel with myosin motors acting it [EPL 110, 48005 (2015)]. Here, two-fluid considered where active macromolecules, described as force dipoles, cyclically operate both elastic fluid components. Through coarse-graining, effective equations motions tracer displaying local...

We perform numerical simulations of odd microswimmers consisting three spheres and two springs. To describe the hydrodynamic interaction, both Oseen-type Rotne-Prager-Yamakawa (RPY)-type mobilities are used. For mobility, simulation results quantitatively reproduce asymptotic expression average velocity. RPY-type on other hand, velocity is smaller than that mobility deviation more pronounced for larger spheres. also having different sphere sizes show becomes equal size case. The middle plays...