Substance-related behaviour is often viewed as an appetitive behaviour, motivated by the reinforcing effects of drug. However, there are various indices substance motivation (e.g. attentional bias, behavioural economic demand, craving) and it unclear how these related or whether they play important role in all types substance-related behaviour.(1) To determine effect alcohol devaluation on several goal-directed cue-elicited behaviour. (2) investigate which components mediate any...

Abstract Aims To investigate the mediating role of attentional bias for alcohol cues on alcohol‐seeking following devaluation alcohol. Design Between subject. Setting Eye‐tracking laboratory at University Liverpool. Participants Student social drinkers ( n = 64). Measurements An operant choice task in which participants chose between simultaneously presented and non‐alcohol drink rewards, while was inferred from eye movements. then consumed 30 mL an alcoholic beverage, either alone (no...

To assess the immediate effect of alcohol promoting and warning advertisements on implicit explicit attitudes towards seeking behaviour. We conducted a between-participants online experiment in which participants were randomly assigned to view one three sets advertisements: (a) promoting, (b) warning, or (c) unrelated alcohol. A total 373 (59.5% female) aged 18–40 (M = 28.03) living UK recruited through research agency. Positive negative assessed before after viewed. Alcohol behaviour was...

The present study aims to assess the extent which attention UK cigarette warnings is attributable graphic nature of content.A visual dot probe task was utilised, with serving as critical stimuli that were manipulated for presence versus neutral image content, and accompanying text caption. This mixed design yielded content (graphic neutrally-matched images) (versus absence) caption within subjects variables smoking status a between-participants variable.The experiment took place laboratories...

Participating in general physical activity during childhood may not be the strongest predictor of lifetime activity. Children must develop motivation to participate physically active endeavors and become excited about being active. These feelings toward best obtained by teaching with a more deliberate emphasis on developmental stages skill acquisition. This article describes method for catching skills that is grounded cognition motor-development tenets refinement proximodistal development....

Individuals abstaining from alcohol consumption frequently find themselves in contexts encouraging consumption, with limited alternative social interaction opportunities. Conscious clubbing events exclude and drugs, possibly providing valuable connections, but little is known about event benefits. Twelve conscious attendees facilitators aged 25-55 across Europe participated semi-structured photo-elicitation interviews, which were analysed using thematic analysis. Findings suggested that...

Objective: Alcohol misuse prevention often fails to account for or replace the pleasurable benefits of drinking such as relaxing and socialising with friends. Increasingly, alcohol-free dance music events are emerging, allowing people gain positive outcomes dancing without recourse alcohol. This study sought explore whether conscious-clubbing would be rated an acceptable alternative traditional alcohol-focused events. Design/Setting: An online cross-sectional survey was completed by 281...

Introduction: Consumption of snacks and food can be reduced by placing them further away from an individual, known as the Proximity Effect. This effect is generally thought to robust, observable between when are presented at 20cm 70cm. It assumed that this occurs without conscious awareness or processing, but no study has experimentally tested whether via non-conscious processing. Method: A sample 84 individuals targeted, with each individual being assigned one four conditions computerised...

Obesity prevalence is increasing around the globe, with interventions manipulating decision environment thought to have a large potential change behaviour. One such simple yet effective intervention utilises Proximity Effect, whereby snack consumption decreased as physical distance (proximity) between individual and increased. Recent studies suggested that visual salience effort may underpin effect. The current protocol outlines first study experimentally manipulate determine its role in...

Obesity and overweight levels are rising nationally, despite recent governmental advertising campaigns being implemented to tackle the prevalence rise at a population level. Therefore, alternative approaches should be investigated in an effort reduce obesity rises. One such approach modifies external cues environment where decisions about food made, it is commonly known as Choice Architecture (CA). The proximity effect strategy within CA that could overall calorie consumption by placing...

Obesity and overweight levels are rising nationally, despite recent governmental advertising campaigns being implemented to tackle the prevalence rise at a population level. Therefore, alternative approaches should be investigated in an effort reduce obesity rises. One such approach modifies external cues environment where decisions about food made, it is commonly known as Choice Architecture (CA). The proximity effect strategy within CA that could overall calorie consumption by placing...

Research into why the proximity effect occurs and understanding of underpinning mechanisms is relatively scarce. Attempts have been made to explore whether cognitive load physical effort underpin effect, but no previous study has experimentally manipulated visual salience determine its role in effect. The present aims be first do so, starting with a pilot an effective operationalisation laboratory setting. selected manipulation will then used conducted 68 individuals 2(Distance; 20cm vs...

Obesity prevalence is increasing around the globe, with interventions manipulating decision environment thought to have a large potential change behaviour. One such simple yet effective intervention utilises Proximity Effect, whereby snack consumption decreased as physical distance (proximity) between individual and increased. Recent studies suggested that visual salience effort may underpin effect. The current protocol outlines first study experimentally manipulate determine its role in...

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No abstract available.

A study protocol outlining the procedure and analysis methods is presented to explore incentive salience, visual visibility, amongst other factors, in relation chocolate consumption where distances of relative consumer manipulated.

As a student moves through programmed instruction lesson, his responses are recorded. How can these data be organized so that comparisons establish common difficulties? A graphical method is proposed which develops individual branching graphs showing the learning path of each student. All teaching programs assume hierarchy skills, but if invalid, students will encounter difficulties shown on individual's graph. Questions also used to measure skill levels analyzed by other techniques confirm...