Hybrid vehicle fuel economy performance is highly sensitive to the energy management strategy used regulate power flow among various sources and sinks. Optimal non-causal solutions are easy determine if drive cycle known a priori. It very challenging design causal controllers that yield good for range of possible driver behavior. Additional challenges come in form constraints on powertrain activity, such as shifting starting engine, which commonly called "drivability" metrics can adversely...

Shipboard integrated power systems, the key enablers of ship electrification, call for effective management control (PMC) to achieve optimal and reliable operation in dynamic environments under hardware limitations operational constraints. The design PMC can be treated naturally a model predictive (MPC) framework, where cost function is minimized over prediction horizon subject real-time implementation MPC-based PMC, however, challenging due computational complexity numerical optimization....

An energy management controller based on shortest path stochastic dynamic programming (SP-SDP) is implemented and tested in a prototype vehicle. The simultaneously optimizes fuel economy powertrain activity, namely gear shifts engine on–off events. Previous work reported the controller's design its extensive simulation-based evaluation. This paper focuses implementation of algorithm hardware. Practical issues concerning real-time computability, driver perception, command timing are...

Hybrid Vehicle fuel economy performance is highly sensitive to the energy management strategy used select among multiple sources. Optimal solutions are easy specify if drive cycle known a priori. It very challenging compute controllers that yield good for class of cycles representative typical driver behavior. Additional challenges come in form constraints on powertrain activity, like shifting and starting engine, which commonly called ¿drivability¿ metrics. These can adversely affect...

Wind farms typically contain a variety of voltage control equipment including tap-changing transformers, switched capacitors, SVCs, STATCOMs, and the generators themselves. This paper focuses on this by addressing three major issues. The first is ability wind turbines to provide reactive power; saturation in collector system often limits power output individual generators. second topic stability when independent laws for various types interact. Specifically, under some conditions transformer...

Both new and existing naval vessels of all sizes face ever-increasing power supply requirements to support advanced mission loads including high sensors, weapons, launchers. Adding additional conventional generators these is infeasible given size weight constraints the pulsed nature those loads. Instead, an optimization-based Power Management Controller (PMC) used dynamically control system sources in real time order serve needs with a minimal amount equipment. In this paper, Model...

Hybrid vehicle fuel economy and drive quality are coupled through the “energy management” controller that regulates power flow among various energy sources sinks. This paper studies management controllers designed using shortest path stochastic dynamic programming (SP-SDP), a optimal control design method which can respect constraints on drivetrain activity while minimizing consumption for an assumed distribution of driver demand. The performance SP-SDP is evaluated simulation large numbers...

A semi-active hybrid energy storage system, consisting of a Li-ion battery pack, dc/dc converter, and capacitor pack was developed for range extended plug-in vehicle. The vehicle has series-parallel drivetrain with two electric motors, gas engine, gearbox, clutch to allow the engine run decoupled from gearbox in extending mode. peak dc electrical requirement is about 175 kW, which similar power capability system. model prototype connected directly motor drive's bus via used determine optimal...

Hybrid vehicle fuel economy and drivability performance are very sensitive to the ldquoenergy managementrdquo controller that regulates power flow among various energy sources sinks. Many methods have been proposed for designing such controllers. Most analytical studies evaluate closed-loop on government test cycles. Moreover, there few results compare stochastic optimal control algorithms controllers employed in today's production hybrids. This paper designed using shortest path dynamic...

The design and control of electric warship power systems is a complex, challenging problem numerous system architectures, technologies, algorithms, schemes have been proposed. Instead quantitative assessment these ideas based on ideal, steady-state conditions, set representative operational vignettes that span the entire mission package introduced in order to obtain true results. This paper describes realistic test cases provide load demand dynamics variety unique scenarios, characteristics,...

Range anxiety and battery cycle life are two major factors which restrict the development of electric vehicles. Battery degradation can be reduced by adding supercapacitors to create a Hybrid Energy Storage System. This paper proposes systematic approach configure hybrid energy storage system quantifies for vehicles when using supercapacitors. A continuous power-energy function is proposed establish supercapacitor size based on national household travel survey statistics. By analyzing...

High energy pulse load weapons and sensors on smaller, more affordable platforms are the driving factors behind future all-electric warship power systems. For design space exploration, legacy tools based ideal steady-state conditions not sufficient. Design studies must factor in significant impact that these dynamic loads have stability of warship's system, especially under critical operational demands. This paper continues to improve fidelity a shipboard demand model by introducing...

This paper presents a new method of constructing transformerless voltage-sourced medium-voltage multilevel converter using existing discrete power semiconductor devices and printed circuit board technology. While the approach is general, it particularly well suited for converters motor drives in 4.16 kV 500-1000 kW range. A novel way visualizing stage topology developed, which allows simplified mechanical layouts, while managing commutation paths. Using so many typically cost complexity...

Future shipboard power system architectures are designed to service high-power pulsed loads through a combination of generators and energy storage for volume weight considerations. Optimal control solutions therefore depend on both past future events. This complicates evaluation the relative performance different due dependence controller strategies algorithms. Herein, we introduce technique early stage various ship designs by assuming known calculating best-case any possible design. We...

The dynamics of a general class weakly nonlinear oscillators can be used to control power converters create self-forming AC network distributed generators. Many stability results for these “virtual” consider the interaction voltage-source converters, but most practical use nested current loop. This paper develops method extend current-controlled using virtual admittance. A fast loop allows singular perturbations analysis demonstrate equivalence two. admittance also manipulate load sharing...

Shipboard power systems that service large-scale dynamic loads and electric propulsion can significantly improve their performance by adding controllable energy storage. These require management controls consider dynamics like generator ramp rates, along with storage capacity location. In the early-stage design process, many alternative designs are considered, each requires a unique controller. This article describes numerical optimization technique establishes an upper bound criteria...

This paper incorporates uncertain future route predictions, destinations, and charging locations with associated speed grade profiles into the energy management control of alternative powertrains like hybrid, plug-in, electric, fuel cell vehicles. The method allows combination other sources information markov driver models, historic information, real-time traffic predictions. flexibility consideration a variety cases traffic/speed multiple possible stopping points, locations, simple range...

Energy management controllers for hybrid electric vehicles typically contain numerous parameters that must be tuned in order to arrive at a desired compromise among competing attributes, such as fuel economy and driving quality. This paper estimates the Pareto tradeoff curve of versus quality baseline industrial controller, compares it an energy controller based on Shortest Path Stochastic Dynamic Programming (SPSDP). Previous work demonstrated important performance advantages SPSDP...

Nonlinear model predictive control (NMPC) has been widely adopted to manipulate bilinear systems with dynamics that include products of the inputs and states. These are ubiquitous in chemical processes, mechanical systems, quantum physics, name a few. Running (MPC) controller real time requires solving nonconvex optimization problem within limited sampling time. This article proposes novel parallel proximal-point Lagrangian-based MPC solver via an interlacing horizon-splitting scheme. The...

This paper presents a new pulse width modulation (PWM) technique for high-frequency link Modular Multilevel Converter topology grid-integrated renewables. The generates multilevel output voltage with low harmonic distortion, increased reliability, and design flexibility due to the modular nature of converter. A central full-bridge converter is connected multiple High Frequency Link modules via high frequency transformers. Each module produces its own isolated DC voltage, are inserted or...

Abstract This paper solves the inverse dynamics of a tethered kite analytically. Specifically, presents procedure for determining angle attack, induced roll angle, and tether tension magnitude needed to achieve desired combination translational position, velocity, acceleration. The focus is on energy harvesting kites. However, underlying approach applicable other systems, such as kites propulsion (e.g., SkySails, Hamburg, Germany). Solving analytically valuable trajectory optimization,...

Residents at the School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences State University New York Buffalo (SUNY Buffalo) expressed an interest in receiving instruction teaching skills. In 1988, under sponsorship Graduate Medical-Dental Education Consortium, faculty residents implemented orientation program for 110 incoming housestaff. received large-group skills, bedside teaching, small-group discussion, student evaluation. The was rated positively by residents, 5% whom became instructors following...

Power converter operation on high-impedance grids can result in oscillatory behavior as a of "self-synchronization" an inverter's phase detection unit (PDU). This phenomenon is particularly concern renewable energy applications and it occurs when the converter's injected current changes voltage angle at point-of-common coupling (PCC) synchronizes to itself through its PDU. One most prevalent PDUs industry based synchronous-reference frame (SRF) phase-locked loop (PLL). In this work large...

The utility-scale renewables, PV and wind, are already approaching grid parity. To further enhance their penetration rapidly requires additional cost reduction increased efficiency. There other applications in energy storage systems substations with power ratings MW range for rapid charging of multiple electric vehicles. Towards this goal, one approach to interface voltages up 34.5 kV is use Power Electronic Transformers (PETs) consisting back-to-back MMCs (Modular Multilevel Converters) a...

Many control stability results consider the interaction of voltage-source converters, but most real converters use a nested current loop. This paper develops general method to extend current-controlled converters. Nonlinear dead-zone oscillator (DZO) control, originally formulated for inverters, is experimentally validated with three-phase system inverters. validates equivalence current-based and also demonstrates DZO in hardware first time. The extension enhances safety increases breadth...