Abstract Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a family of mammalian homologues Drosophila Toll and play important roles in host defense. Two the TLRs, TLR2 TLR4, mediate responsiveness to LPS. Here gene expression TLR4 was analyzed mouse macrophages. Mouse splenic macrophages responded an intraperitoneal injection or vitro treatment LPS by increased TLR2, but not TLR4. Treatment macrophage cell line with LPS, synthetic lipid A, IL-2, IL-15, IL-1β, IFN-γ, TNF-α significantly mRNA expression,...

ABSTRACT Lactobacilli are nonpathogenic gram-positive inhabitants of microflora. At least some Lactobacillus strains have been postulated to health beneficial effects, such as the stimulation immune system. Here we examined stimulatory effects lactobacilli on mouse cells. All six heat-killed induced secretion tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) from splenic mononuclear cells, albeit various degrees. When fractionated subcellular fractions casei were tested for NF-κB activation and TNF-α...

Abstract Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a family of proteins playing important roles in host defense. Mice defective functional TLR4 hyporesponsive to LPS, suggesting that is essential for LPS signaling. Here we report the cloning an alternatively spliced mouse (mTLR4) mRNA. The additional exon exists between second and third reported mTLR4 gene contains in-frame stop codon. mRNA encodes 86 aa 36 aa. This expressed partially secretary 20-kDa protein, which named soluble (smTLR4). In...

Abstract Osteoclast differentiation factor (ODF), a recently identified cytokine of the TNF family, is expressed as membrane-associated protein in osteoblasts and stromal cells. ODF stimulates osteoclast precursors into osteoclasts presence M-CSF. Here we investigated effects LPS on gene expression mouse an osteoblast cell line found that increased mRNA level. A specific inhibitor extracellular signal-regulated kinase or C inhibited this up-regulation, indicating activation was involved....

Abstract Pyelonephritis, in which renal tubular epithelial cells are directly exposed to bacterial component, is a major predisposing cause of insufficiency. Although previous studies have suggested C-C chemokines involved the pathogenesis, exact source and mechanisms chemokine secretion remain ambiguous. In this study, we evaluated involvement Toll-like receptors (TLRs) production by mouse primary (MTECs). MTECs constitutively expressed mRNA for TLR1, 2, 3, 4, 6, but not TLR5 or 9. also...

Osteoblasts differentiate from mesodermal progenitors and play a pivotal role in bone formation mineralization. Several transcription factors including runt-related factor 2 (RUNX2), Osterix (OSX), activating factor4 (ATF4) are known to be crucial for the process, whereas upstream signal transduction controlling osteoblast differentiation sequence is largely unknown. Here, we explored of c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) using vitro models primary osteoblasts MC3T3-E1 cells with ascorbic...

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are pluripotent that can differentiate into multilineage cell types, including adipocytes and osteoblasts. Mechanical stimulus is one of the crucial factors in regulating MSC differentiation. However, it remains unknown how mechanical affects balance between adipogenesis osteogenesis. Low intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) therapy a clinical application facilitates bone fracture healing. Here, we applied LIPUS to adipogenic progenitor lines analyze...

ABSTRACT Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Gram‐negative bacteria in oral plaque is the major cause periodontal disease. It involved induction inflammation and alveolar bone resorption at least partly by directly reacting to Toll‐like receptor (TLR) 4 on osteoblasts. LPS induces osteoblasts express proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, prostaglandins, as well macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (M‐CSF) activator NF‐κB ligand (RANKL), which activate adjacent osteoclasts toward resorption....

Abstract Mast cells secrete multiple cytokines and play an important role in allergic inflammation. Although it is widely accepted that bacteria infection occasionally worsens airway inflammation, the mechanism has not been defined. In this study, we show LPS induced Th2-associated cytokine production such as IL-5, IL-10, IL-13 from mast also synergistically enhanced of these by IgE cross-linking. LPS-mediated Th2-type was abolished mouse bone marrow-derived derived C3H/HeJ mice, suggesting...

Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and glucocorticoids are widely recognized as mutually antagonistic regulators of adaptive immunity inflammation. Surprisingly, we show here that they cooperatively regulate components innate immunity. The Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) gene encodes a transmembrane critical for triggering Although TLR2 mRNA protein induced by inflammatory molecules such TNF-alpha, is also the anti-inflammatory in cells where MKP-1 levels. TNF-alpha cooperate to promoter,...

Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor, interleukin-3, and steel factor induce proliferation of hematopoietic cells through binding to specific, high affinity, cell surface receptors. However, little is known about post-receptor signal transduction pathways. Here we report that an SH2 domain containing protein previously implicated in the activation p21ras, Shc, transiently tyrosine phosphorylated myeloid after stimulation with granulocyte or factor. Also, Shc was found be...

We have previously reported that differences in early production of interleukin 12 (IL-12) by dendritic cells (DC) underlies the difference between susceptibilities to Listeria monocytogenes C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice. To elucidate mechanisms for different abilities DC produce cytokine mice, we examined Toll-like receptor (TLR) expression their responses vitro known microbial ligands TLRs. found isolated from spleens naive mice preferentially expressed TLR9 mRNA, whereas strongly TLR2, -4, -5,...

At least two types of interleukin (IL)-15 mRNA isoforms are generated by alternative splicing at the 5′ upstream exon 5 in mice. To elucidate potential roles IL-15 immune responses vivo, we constructed groups transgenic mice using originally described cDNA with a normal (normal [Tg] mice) and an (alternative Tg under control MHC class I promoter. Normal constitutionally produced significant level protein had markedly increased numbers memory type (CD44high Ly6C+) CD8+ T cells LN. These...

Abstract We recently reported that the number of γδ T cells was increased after infection with Escherichia coli in C3H/HeN mice. here showed an i.p. injection native lipid A derived from E. induced increase peritoneal cavity LPS-responsive mice and, albeit to a lesser degree, also LPS-hyporesponsive C3H/HeJ The purified and expressed canonical TCR repertoire encoded by Vγ6-Jγ1/Vδ1-Dδ2-Jδ2 gene segments proliferated response TCR-independent manner. A-reactive bearing Vγ6/Vδ1 Toll-like...

Abstract Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) is involved in the innate immunity by recognizing various bacterial components. We have previously reported that TLR2 gene expression rapidly induced LPS or inflammatory cytokines macrophages, and TCR engagement IL-2/IL-15 stimulation T cells. Here, to investigate mechanisms governing transcription, we cloned 5′ upstream region of mouse (mTLR2) mapped its transcriptional start site. The mTLR2 contains two NF-κB, CCAAT/enhancer binding protein, one cAMP...

Osteoblasts, originating from mesenchymal stem cells, play a pivotal role in bone formation and mineralization. Several transcription factors including runt-related factor 2 (Runx2) have been reported to be essential for osteoblast differentiation, whereas the cytoplasmic signal transduction pathways controlling differentiation process not fully elucidated. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is serine-threonine generally regarded as key regulator of cellular energy homeostasis, polarity,...

LPS signaling is mediated through MyD88‐dependent and ‐independent pathways, activating NF‐κB, MAP kinases IRF3. Cot/Tpl2 an essential upstream kinase in LPS‐mediated activation of ERKs. Here we explore the roles MyD88 LPS‐induced chemokine expression by studying myd88 −/− cot/tpl2 macrophages. Among nine LPS‐responsive chemokines examined, mRNA induction ccl5 , cxcl10 cxcl13 MyD88‐independent pathway. Notably, Cot/Tpl2‐ERK axis exerts negative effects on these three chemokines. In contrast,...

Abstract Constant mechanical stress is essential for the maintenance of bone mass and strength, which achieved through cooperative functions osteoblasts osteoclasts. However, it has not been fully elucidated how these cell types mediate signals. Low‐intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) therapy a recently developed method application stress, used clinically to promote fracture healing. In present study, we applied LIPUS at different stages maturation analyzed their chemokine cytokine...

Alveolar bone loss is caused by a host response to periodontal pathogens, and its progression often enhanced systemic conditions such as insulin resistance. dehiscence has been observed in KK-A(y) mice, which are metabolic syndrome model mice with type 2 diabetes. The aim of this study was investigate inducements responsible for alveolar the mice.The expression endothelial nitric oxide synthase mandibles detected using immunohistochemical staining reverse transcription-polymerase chain...