In the practice of molecular dating, substitution saturation will bias results if not properly modeled. Date estimates based on commonly used mitochondrial DNA sequences likely suffer from this problem because their high rate. Nevertheless, patterns and extent such expected remain unknown for many major evolutionary lineages, which often differ in ages, available calibrations, rates genome. case study salamanders, we multiple nuclear exons to assess effects dating divergences using genome a...

Abstract Long intergenic noncoding RNAs (lincRNAs) have been gradually identified to be functional in a variety of different mechanisms associating with development and epigenetic regulation cellular homeostasis. However, the study lincRNAs diabetic nephropathy (DN) is still its infancy. Here, we found dysexpressed long (lncRNAs) renal tissues db/db DN mice compared db/m by RNA sequencing. In this study, 5 were confirmed express consistent trend among these DN-related lncRNAs both vivo...

Abstract Most targeted anticancer drugs are inhibitors of kinases that aberrantly activated in cancer cells. However, the mechanisms by which kinase suppress tumor growth remain unclear. In this study, we found UCN-01, a staurosporine analogue and broad-range inhibitor used clinical trials, inhibits colon cell inducing apoptosis via PUMA, BH3-only Bcl-2 family member p53 target. PUMA expression was markedly elevated p53-independent fashion following UCN-01 treatment. The induction mediated...

MircoRNA-21 (miR-21) was found to be highly expressed in various solid tumors, and its oncogenic properties have been extensively studied recent years. However, the reason why miR-21 is tumors remains elusive. Here, we that expression of negatively correlated with vacuole membrane protein-1 (VMP1) colorectal cancer. Transcription VMP1 activated either by small activating RNA (saRNA) or transcriptional activator GLI3 inhibited through reducing transcripts VMP1-miR-21 pri-miR-21, while no...

Numerous studies have demonstrated an association between periodontitis and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), periodontal pathogens such as Treponema denticola are implicated in the pathogenesis of OSCC. Previous mainly focused on T. surface proteins-for example, chymotrypsin-like proteinase, which was detected majority orodigestive tumor tissues.T. may influence development Nevertheless, potential direct regulatory mechanism OSCC is still unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to explore...

Cancer is one of the most lethal diseases worldwide, and metastasis common cause patients' deaths. Identification inhibition markers involved in process cancer cells are promising works to block improve prognoses patients. Chemokines a superfamily small, chemotactic cytokines, whose functions based on interaction with corresponding receptors. It has been found that chemokines regulate migration invasion abilities lymphocytes, as well cells. Chemokine receptor 9 (CCR9) regulates trafficking...

Mutations in the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK pathway are detected 50% of colorectal cancer cases and play a crucial role development progression. Cobimetinib is MEK inhibitor approved for treatment advanced melanoma inhibits cell viability other types cells.HCT116 cells were treated with cobimetinib, MTT assay, colony formation flow cytometry used to evaluate viability, cycle, apoptosis, respectively. The expression genes associated cycle apoptosis evaluated by quantitative real-time PCR western...

Abstract BAX is an important proapoptotic protein of the BCL‐2 family, and its stability essential for regulation mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. A previous study revealed that could undergo degradation through ubiquitin‐proteasome In this study, we identified two lysine sites, K21 K123, were critical ubiquitin‐binding sites in BAX. Mutation these prolonged half‐life also affected ability. Intriguingly, found ABT‐737, a inhibitor, significantly enhanced TRAIL‐induced HCT116 cells increased...

Abstract Blue sheep, Pseudois nayaur , is endemic to the Tibetan Plateau and surrounding mountains, which are highest‐elevation areas in world. Classical morphological taxonomy suggests that there two subspecies genus (Bovidae, Artiodactyla), namely szechuanensis . However, validity geographic characteristics of these have never been carefully discussed analyzed. This may be partially because previous studies mainly focused on vague taxonomic status schaeferi (dwarf blue sheep). Thus, an...

A basic goal in the development of recombinant proteins is generation cell lines that express desired protein stably over many generations. Here, we constructed engineered Chinese hamster ovary (CHO-S) with a pCHO-hVR1 vector carried an extracellular domain VEGF receptor (VR) fusion gene. Forty-five clones high hVR1 expression were selected for karyotype analysis. Using fluorescence situ hybridization (FISH) and G-banding, found was integrated into three chromosomes, including chromosomes 1,...

The Chinese Serow (Capricornis milneedwardsii) is a native species distributed in China and Southeast Asia, has been listed as one of the Class II national protected China. Here we first determined annotated its complete mitochondrial genome. mito-genome 16,444 bp length, consisting two ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes, 22 transfer (tRNA) 13 protein-coding control region. overall base composition A: 33.5%, T: 26.7%, C: 26.6%, G: 13.2%, with much higher A + T content.

With largely allopatric distribution, the black tokay and red are two distinct morphs of subspecies Gekko gecko gecko. In consideration their different morphological characteristics, taxonomic status G. g. is disputed. Through detailed comparison, it has been proposed that should be elevated to species ranking, but without strong genetic evidence. order further investigate (G. gecko), we used one mitochondrial marker (ND2) three nuclear markers (RAG1, c-mos, ITS2) explore phylogenetic...

Abstract The common tokay gecko ( G ekko ) is widely distributed across southern C hina, V ietnam and other countries in S outheast A sia. It includes two distinct morphological forms with largely allopatric distributions, which are referred to as the black‐spotted red‐spotted tokay. Considering their different features a question has been proposed by taxonomists still not resolved: do these belong one subspecies? Previous studies indicated high genetic variability between them, but did give...

The full-length of the mitochondrial (mt) genome Prionailurus bengalensis chinensis was first determined in this study and consisted a 16,990 bp fragment, including 13 protein-coding genes, two rRNA 22 tRNA control region (CR), an origin L-strand replication (OLR). total base composition heavy strand A, 33.0%; G, 13.6%; C, 26.0%; T, 27.4%, with slight AT bias 60.4%. complete mitogenomic data P. b. may provide important set for further phylogenetic taxonomic analyses Genus species.

The complete mitochondrial genome of Pallas's squirrel (Callosciurus erythraeus) from Sichuan Province was sequenced and characterized in detail. It 16,550 bp length composed 13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNAs, 2 rRNAs 1 control region. C. erythraeus presented this report will be useful for species identification, genetic variability clarifying the controversial taxonomic status genus Callosciurus.

Abstract In the present study, cloning and sequence analysis of interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) from giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) were described. Sequencing revealed that IL‐6 complementary DNA contains a 636 base‐pair open reading frame encoding 211 amino acids. Homology analyses indicated identity levels nucleotide deduced acid sequences between other species in Carnivora ranged 90.5% to 85.6% 82.9% 76.5%, respectively. Phylogenetic based on showed harbour seal shared closer relationship with...

The blue sheep (Pseudois nayaur nayaur) belongs to the subfamily Caprinae, and is distributed in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau peripheral mountains of China. In this study, complete mitochondrial genome P. n. was sequenced. It determined be 16,700 bases. nucleotide sequence data 12 heavy-strand protein-coding genes other 29 caprine species were used for phylogenetic analysis. Phylogenetic trees reconstructed by Bayesian maximum likelihood methods, it suggested that sister group schaeferi nayaur,...