Polar transport of the plant hormone auxin controls many aspects growth and development. A number synthetic compounds have been shown to block process by inhibition efflux carrier complex. These inhibitors may act mimicking endogenous molecules. Flavonoids, a class secondary metabolic compounds, suggested be based on their in vitro activity. The hypothesis that flavonoids regulate vivo was tested Arabidopsis comparing wild-type (WT) transparent testa (tt4) plants with mutation gene encoding...

The plant hormone cytokinin regulates numerous growth and developmental processes. A signal transduction pathway for has been elucidated that is similar to bacterial two-component phosphorelays. In Arabidopsis, this comprised of receptors are sensor histidine kinases, histidine-containing phosphotransfer proteins, response regulators (ARRs). There two classes regulators, the type-A ARRs, which act as negative responses, type-B transcription factors play a positive role in mediating...

Abstract Auxin transport has been reported to occur in two distinct polarities, acropetally and basipetally, different root tissues. The goals of this study were determine whether both polarities indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) roots Arabidopsis which polarity controls the gravity response. Global application auxin inhibitor naphthylphthalamic (NPA) blocked response, waving, elongation. Immediately after NPA, response was completely blocked, as measured by an automated video digitizer. Basipetal...

Abstract The phytohormone cytokinin is an important regulator of plant growth and development; however, relatively few genes that mediate responses have been identified. Genome-wide analyses Arabidopsis seedlings using the approximately 8,300-element Affymetrix GeneChips (Affymetrix, Santa Clara, CA) to examine cytokinin-responsive were conducted, revealing at least 30 whose steady-state level mRNA was elevated 40 down-regulated multiple time points after application cytokinin. up-regulated...

Auxin transport is required for important growth and developmental processes in plants, including gravity response lateral root growth. Several lines of evidence suggest that reversible protein phosphorylation regulates auxin transport. Arabidopsis rcn1 mutant seedlings exhibit reduced phosphatase 2A activity defects differential cell elongation. Here we report alters dependent physiological the seedling root. Root basipetal was increased or inhibitor–treated but showed normal sensitivity to...

Cytokinin response factor 6 (CRF6) is an Arabidopsis AP2/ERF transcription which transcriptionally induced by cytokinin. known to delay leaf senescence in wild-type (WT) plants, for example dark-incubated detached leaves. This mediated the cytokinin receptor histidine kinase 3 (AHK3). Similar ahk3 mutants, crf6 leaves show decreased sensitivity this effect. Leaves overexpressing CRF6 retain more Chl than those of WT under these conditions without exogenous It therefore appears that increase...

Cytokinin is a phytohormone that well known for its roles in numerous plant growth and developmental processes, yet it has also been linked to abiotic stress response less defined manner. Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) Response Factor 6 (CRF6) cytokinin-responsive AP2/ERF-family transcription factor that, through the cytokinin signaling pathway, plays key role inhibition of dark-induced senescence. CRF6 expression induced by oxidative stress, here we show novel function relation identify...

Abstract Polar transport of the natural auxin indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) is important in a number plant developmental processes. However, few studies have investigated polar other endogenous auxins, such as indole-3-butyric (IBA), Arabidopsis. This study details similarities and differences between IBA IAA several tissues In inflorescence axis, no significant movement was detected, whereas transported basipetal direction from meristem tip. young seedlings, both were only hypocotyl. roots,...

Cytokinin Response Factors (CRFs) are a small subset of AP2/ERF transcription factor genes shown in Arabidopsis to regulate leaf development as part the cytokinin signal transduction pathway. This study examines phylogenetic distribution CRF other plant species, and attempts identify extent sequence conservation potential gene function among all genes. We identified representatives major land lineages, including numerous flowering taxa addition model systems which ERF have been catalogued....

Cytokinin is a plant hormone essential for growth and development. The elucidation of its signalling pathway as variant the bacterial two-component system (TCS) has led to better understanding how this involved in general processes. A set cytokinin-regulated transcription factors known cytokinin response (CRFs) have been described potential branch emanating from TCS, yet little about CRFs actually interact with each other members TCS pathway. Here interactions CRF proteins (CRF1–CRF8) using...

Cytokinin is an influential hormone in growth and developmental processes across many plant species. While several cytokinin-regulated genes have been well characterized Arabidopsis, few identified tomato, Solanum lycopersicum. Here a tomato family of 11 highly related cytokinin response factor designated as SlCRF1–SlCRF11 (Solanum lycopersicum factor) are characterized. SlCRFs AP2/ERF transcription factors generally orthologous to Arabidopsis CRF clade members (AtCRFs). Some SlCRF lack...

Plants make use of “two-component systems” ([TCS][1]s) for signal transduction, and these are involved in a number vital cellular responses, such as responses to cytokinins, ethylene, red light, osmosensing ([Schaller et al., 2011][2]). The [TCS][1] found plants incorporates three

Tomato is a model and economically important crop plant with little information available about gene expression in roots. Currently, there have only been few studies that examine hormonal responses tomato roots none at genome-wide level. This study examined the transcriptome atlas of root regions (root tip, lateral roots, whole roots) transcriptional regulation each region response to hormones cytokinin auxin using Illumina RNA sequencing. More than 165 million 1×54 base pair reads were...

C3HC4-type RING zinc finger proteins are known to be essential in the regulation of plant processes, including responses abiotic stress. Here, we identify, clone and examine first protein (BrRZFP1) from Brassica rapa under stress conditions. Phylogenetic analysis BrRZFP1 revealed strong sequence similarity Arabidopsis that induced by stresses. Diverse environmental stresses, salt cold, were found induce transcripts greater than eightfold B. rapa. Additional induction was shown hormone...

Cytokinin is an indispensable phytohormone responsible for physiological processes ranging from root development to leaf senescence. The term "cytokinin" refers several dozen adenine-derived compounds occurring naturally in plants. Cytokinins (CKs) can be divided into various classes and forms; base forms are generally considered active while highly abundant cytokinin-N-glucosides (CKNGs), composed of a CK irreversibly conjugated glucose molecule, inactive. However, results early studies...

Abstract Gravity plays a fundamental role in plant growth and development, yet little is understood about the early events of gravitropism. To identify genes affected signal perception and/or transduction phase gravity response, mutant screen was devised using cold treatment to delay response inflorescence stems Arabidopsis. Inflorescence Arabidopsis show no gravistimulation at 4°C for up 3 h. However, when gravistimulated then returned vertical room temperature (RT), bend previous,...

Maize (Zea mays) stem gravitropism involves differential elongation of cells within a highly specialized region, the internodal pulvinus. In present study, we investigated factors that control gravitropic responses in this system. graviresponding pulvinus, hexose sugars (D-Glc and D-Fru) accumulated asymmetrically across This correlated well with an asymmetric increase acid invertase activity Northern analyses revealed induction one maize gene, Ivr2, consistent transcriptional regulation by...