The CRN is a future generation wireless communication system that allows SUs to use the underutilized or unused spectrum, known as white spaces, in licensed spectrum with minimum interference PUs. However, dynamic conditions of CRNs (e.g., PUs' activities and channel availability) make routing more challenging compared traditional networks. In this tutorial, we focus on solving problem help clustering mechanism. Cluster-based enhances network scalability by reducing flooding overheads, well...

This paper investigates the physical layer security (PLS) issue in reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) aided millimeter-wave rotary-wing unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) communications under presence of multiple eavesdroppers and imperfect channel state information (CSI). The goal is to maximize worst-case secrecy energy efficiency (SEE) UAV via a joint optimization flight trajectory, active beamforming RIS passive beamforming. By interacting with dynamically changing environment,...

This article proposes a novel Airborne Internet of Things Network (AIN) system architecture for monitoring water quality, combining existing wireless technologies with the aid low altitude platform (LAP) to relay data over long distances in hilly terrain. The proposed consists quality sensors, smart utility network (SUN) devices, range (LoRa) an LAP air balloon, and Wi-Fi devices. A measurement campaign was conducted assess system, focusing on communication link reliability stability...

Cognitive radio (CR) enables unlicensed users to explore and exploit underutilized licensed channels (or white spaces). While multi-hop CR network has drawn significant research interest in recent years, majority work been validated through simulation. A key challenge is select a route with high quality of service (QoS) lesser number breakages. In this paper, we propose three selection schemes enhance the performance networks, investigate them using real testbed environment, which consists...

In this paper, a novel hybrid model based on the constraint online sequential extreme learning machine (COSELM) classifier with adaptive weighted sparse representation classification (WSRC) and k nearest neighbor (KNN) is proposed for WiFi-based indoor positioning system. It referred to as A Fast-Accurate-Reliable Localization System (AFARLS). AFARLS exploits speed advantage of COSELM reduce computational cost, accuracy WSRC enhance performance, by utilizing KNN sub-dictionary selection...

The success of a rural wireless monitoring system depends on establishing reliable link over the TCP/IP communication protocol in challenging terrain and elevation profile. Several studies have shown that reliability area can neither be predicted with high accuracy nor precisely modeled using existing mathematical channel modeling tools. Hence, use empirical approach to infer reliability. This work focuses revival hydrological/water emphasis located Tasik Chini, lake UNESCO biosphere status....

Abstract Cognitive radio (CR) enables spectrum sharing by allowing new unlicensed services from secondary users to operate in pre‐allocated bands an opportunistic manner. TV white space (TVWS) is a portion of the ultra‐high frequency (UHF) and very‐high bands, which not utilised primary specific time location. It envisaged that more will be available after digital switchover (DSO) transmission replaces current analogue system. Recently, regulators USA UK have given approval for companies...

Vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) is a subset of mobile (MANET) which it was proposed in the last few years to improve road safety. Many designs were integrated into modern innovation wireless sensor (WSN) with VANET. So, this combination overcomes VANET's breakdown inability identify hazardous conditions on time and maintain communication connectivity low-density area such as rural areas. It called Hybrid Sensor Network (HSVN) nodes are distributed along roadsides have centralized channel...

In this paper, we investigate spectrum occupancy focusing on cellular and TV broadcasting bands. Recently, band has attracted much attention due to the potential exploit available white space, if any, improve utilization opportunistically. space is a portion of in UHF/VHF bands which not utilized based time location. For sake comparison, measurements have also been conducted band, normally assumed be fully utilized. The findings paper are important provide insight actual Malaysia as compared...

Cognitive radio (CR) has been proposed to enable unlicensed users (or secondary users, SUs) exploit the underutilized licensed channels white spaces) owned by primary PUs). This article presents a simple and pragmatic reinforcement learning (RL)-based routing scheme called Radio Q-routing (CRQ-routing). CRQ-routing is spectrum-aware that finds least-cost routes taking into account dynamicity unpredictability of channel availability quality, as well interference PUs. RL applied each SU node...

In this paper we present the experimental implementation of dynamic spectrum access (DSA) algorithm using universal software radio peripheral (USRP) and GNU Radio. The setup contains two primary users cognitive radios or secondary users. One user is fixed other allowed to change its position randomly. Depending upon will use band where detected energy below certain predefined threshold level. are also programmed operate independently without interfering with each detection for sensing....

Cognitive radio (CR) enables unlicensed users (or secondary users, SUs) to sense for and exploit underutilized licensed spectrum owned by the primary PUs). Reinforcement learning (RL) is an artificial intelligence approach that a node observe, learn, make appropriate decisions on action selection in order maximize network performance. Routing source search least-cost route its destination node. While there have been increasing efforts enhance traditional RL routing wireless networks, this...

Cognitive radio (CR) enables unlicensed users to sense for and access underutilized licensed channels (or white spaces) owned by the in an opportunistic manner. Clustering segregates nodes a network into logical groups called clusters. In CR networks (CRNs), larger cluster size improves scalability thereby contributing reduced routing overhead; however, it reduces stability as number of available common resulting increased re-clusterings clustering overhead. This paper presents our proposed...

VANET is a subset of mobile ad hoc network MANET and it was proposed in the last few years to increase safety value on road. There are many routing protocols as data dissemination method which classified based how they route packet from source destination. In this project, proactive OLSR protocol reactive one AODV evaluated under different traffic scenario using simulator NS-3. The basic common geographical topology crossroad. mobility density differed be high low-density. congestion period...

Cognitive radio (CR) with dynamic spectrum allocation (DSA) allows new or secondary devices to opportunistically access a portion of spectrum, which belongs primary (licensed) users (PU). This the (SU) transmit data services when PUs are not using spectrum. However, problem arises SU experiences interrupted if PU needs use The objective this paper is provide uninterrupted multimedia (video transmission) by allowing receive in both overlay and underlay mode CR. Since CR characterized low...

This paper focuses on spectrum handoff where cognitive user can returns the to demanded licensed user. Besides, chooses adjust its transmission power with sufficient protection instead of carry out handoff. Using our proposed scheme, switches between bands if and only it is unable modify within tolerable limits. Therefore, this aims clearly describe concepts radio fuzzy logic, implementation algorithm. MATLAB software simulations were carried results show promising benefit using scheme in...