With the rapid increase in number of mobile users, wireless access technologies are evolving to provide users with high data rates and support new applications that include both human machine-type communications. Heterogeneous networks (HetNets), created by joint installation macro cells a large densely deployed small cells, considered an important solution deal increasing network capacity demands coverage future fifth generation (5G) networks. Due complexity topology 5G HetNets integration...

Drones will be a significant part of future mobile communication networks, serving as users or acting base stations at sky. Although they provide several solutions related to networks and other non-communication services, drones also possess numerous challenges, especially when it comes their handover management. Unlike terrestrial are devices that move in three-dimension (3D) environment, which further complicates mobility issues. Therefore, this paper provides an overview on the management...

The CRN is a future generation wireless communication system that allows SUs to use the underutilized or unused spectrum, known as white spaces, in licensed spectrum with minimum interference PUs. However, dynamic conditions of CRNs (e.g., PUs' activities and channel availability) make routing more challenging compared traditional networks. In this tutorial, we focus on solving problem help clustering mechanism. Cluster-based enhances network scalability by reducing flooding overheads, well...

The massive growth of mobile users will spread to significant numbers small cells for the Fifth Generation (5G) network, which overlap fourth generation (4G) network. A tremendous increase in handover (HO) scenarios and HO rates occur. Ensuring stable reliable connection through mobility user equipment (UE) become a major problem future networks. This be magnified with use suboptimal control parameter (HCP) settings, can configured manually or automatically. Therefore, aim this study is...

Mobile connections and applications are growing unprecedentedly with the advent increasing popularity of wireless services worldwide, which greatly increases demands on data traffic. This led to considering millimeter-wave bands ultra-dense deployment as part key enabler solutions in fifth-generation (5G) networks. However, these radically increase number handovers (HOs), thus rate unnecessary HO dropping call probabilities. In this regard, optimizing control parameters appropriately is main...

One of the most crucial issues in mobile networks is ensuring reliable and stable connectivity during mobility. In recent years, numerous research has examined Fourth Generation (4G) Fifth (5G) to address related handover (HO) self-optimisation. Different approaches have been developed identify best Handover Control Parameters (HCPs) settings, including Time-To-Trigger (TTT) Margin (HOM), since managing HCP values a key factor determining efficiency accuracy decisions. The purpose this work...

Cognitive radio (CR) enables unlicensed users to explore and exploit underutilized licensed channels (or white spaces). While multi-hop CR network has drawn significant research interest in recent years, majority work been validated through simulation. A key challenge is select a route with high quality of service (QoS) lesser number breakages. In this paper, we propose three selection schemes enhance the performance networks, investigate them using real testbed environment, which consists...

It is well-known that clustering partitions network into logical groups of nodes in order to achieve energy efficiency and enhance dynamic channel access cognitive radio through cooperative sensing. While the topic has been well investigated conventional wireless sensor networks, latter not extensively explored. In this paper, we propose a reinforcement learning-based spectrum-aware algorithm allows member node learn sensing costs for neighboring clusters an optimal solution. Each selects...

The carrier aggregation (CA) technique and Handover Parameters Optimization (HPO) function have been introduced in LTE-Advanced systems to enhance system performance terms of throughput, coverage area, connection stability reduce management complexity. Although has benefited from the CA technique, low spectral efficiency high ping-pong effect with outage probabilities conventional Carrier Aggregation Deployment Scenarios (CADSs) become major challenges for cell edge User Equipment (UE)....

Abstract The sixth generation (6G) of mobile networks must support the huge growth connections and provides various intelligent services in future networks. For that, designing high‐performance network architecture communication systems (CSs) as well finding coherent solutions for determined problems is critical demand that needs to be achieved 6G Optimal are mainly sought by using modifiable, smart, perceptive algorithms aimed at optimizing more specific tasks. Therefore, advanced...

The success of a rural wireless monitoring system depends on establishing reliable link over the TCP/IP communication protocol in challenging terrain and elevation profile. Several studies have shown that reliability area can neither be predicted with high accuracy nor precisely modeled using existing mathematical channel modeling tools. Hence, use empirical approach to infer reliability. This work focuses revival hydrological/water emphasis located Tasik Chini, lake UNESCO biosphere status....

Abstract Cognitive radio (CR) enables spectrum sharing by allowing new unlicensed services from secondary users to operate in pre‐allocated bands an opportunistic manner. TV white space (TVWS) is a portion of the ultra‐high frequency (UHF) and very‐high bands, which not utilised primary specific time location. It envisaged that more will be available after digital switchover (DSO) transmission replaces current analogue system. Recently, regulators USA UK have given approval for companies...

The impact of atmospheric attenuation on wireless communication links is much more severe and complicated in tropical regions. That due to the extreme temperatures, intense humidity, foliage higher precipitation rain rates with large raindrop sizes. This paper investigates propagation mm-waves at 38 GHz link based real measurement data collected from outdoor microcellular systems Malaysia. rainfall rate received signal level have been measured simultaneously 1-minute time intervals for one...

Fifth-generation (5G) cellular networks offer high transmission rates in dense urban environments. However, a massive deployment of small cells will be required to provide wide-area coverage, which leads an increase the number handovers (HOs). Mobility management is important issue that requires considerable attention heterogeneous networks, where 5G ultra-dense coexist with current fourth-generation (4G) networks. Although mobility robustness optimization (MRO) and load balancing (LBO)...

Multi-access edge computing (MEC) is a key technology in the fifth generation (5G) of mobile networks. MEC optimizes communication and computation resources by hosting application process close to user equipment (UE) network edges. The characteristics are its ultra-low latency response real-time applications emerging 5G However, one main challenges MEC-enabled networks that servers distributed within ultra-dense network. Hence, it an issue manage mobility coverage, which causes frequent...

Cognitive radio (CR) has been proposed to enable unlicensed users (or secondary users, SUs) exploit the underutilized licensed channels white spaces) owned by primary PUs). This article presents a simple and pragmatic reinforcement learning (RL)-based routing scheme called Radio Q-routing (CRQ-routing). CRQ-routing is spectrum-aware that finds least-cost routes taking into account dynamicity unpredictability of channel availability quality, as well interference PUs. RL applied each SU node...

In this paper we present the experimental implementation of dynamic spectrum access (DSA) algorithm using universal software radio peripheral (USRP) and GNU Radio. The setup contains two primary users cognitive radios or secondary users. One user is fixed other allowed to change its position randomly. Depending upon will use band where detected energy below certain predefined threshold level. are also programmed operate independently without interfering with each detection for sensing....