Thin x-ray optics with high angular resolution (≤ 0.5 arcsec) over a wide field of view enable the study number astrophysically important topics and feature prominently in Lynx, next-generation observatory concept currently under NASA study. In an effort to address this technology need, piezoelectrically adjustable, thin mirror segments capable figure correction after mounting on-orbit are development. We report on fabrication characterization adjustable cylindrical slumped glass optic. This...

The direct deposition of piezoelectric thin films on substrates offers an appealing technology for the realization lightweight adjustable mirrors capable sub-arcsecond resolution. This solution will make it possible to realize X-ray telescopes with both large effective area and exceptional angular resolution and, in particular, enable optics proposed mission Square Meter Arcsecond Resolution Telescope (SMART-X). In past years we demonstrated first time possibility depositing a working film...

We describe progress in the development of adjustable grazing incidence X-ray optics for 0.5 arcsec resolution cosmic imaging. To date, no technology is available to blend high imaging like Chandra Observatory, with square meter collecting area. Our approach achieve these goals simultaneously directly deposit thin film piezoelectric actuators on back surface thin, lightweight Wolter-I or Wolter- Schwarschild mirror segments. The are used correct figure errors due fabrication, mounting and...

The Airborne Infrared Spectrometer (AIR-Spec) was commissioned during the 2017 total solar eclipse, when it observed five infrared coronal emission lines from a Gulfstream V (GV) research jet owned by National Science Foundation (NSF) and operated Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR). second AIR-Spec flight took place July 2, 2019 eclipse across South Pacific. resulted in seven minutes of observations, which instrument measured all four its target lines: S XI 1.393 $\mu$m, Si X 1.431 1.921...

The Marshall Grazing Incidence X-ray Spectrometer (MaGIXS) is a NASA sounding rocket instrument designed to obtain spatially resolved soft spectra of the solar atmosphere in 6–24 Å (0.5–2.0 keV) range. consists single shell Wolter Type-I telescope, slit, and spectrometer comprising matched pair grazing incidence parabolic mirrors planar varied-line space diffraction grating. achieve 50 mÅ spectral resolution 5 arcsecond spatial along ±4-arcminute long launch planned for 2019. We report on...

We report on improvements in our efforts to control and characterize piezoelectrically adjustable, thin glass optics. In the past, an optical profilometer a Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor have been used measure influence functions for at adjustable mirror. An electronics system has since developed > 100 actuator cells full calibration of high-yield The calibrated induce pre-determined figure change mirror, representing first attempt Furthermore, we adapted metrology systems cylindrical...

The proposed Lynx telescope is an X-ray observatory with Chandra-like angular resolution and about 30 times larger effective area. technology under development at SAO based on the deposition of piezoelectric material back glass substrates, used to correct longer wavelength figure errors. This requires a large number (about 8000) figured segments sufficient quality be in range correctibility actuators. Thermal forming thin offers convenient approach, being intrinsically smooth surfaces (which...

Traditional measurement systems utilized in clinical trials are limited because they episodic and thus cannot capture the day-to-day fluctuations longitudinal changes that frequently affect patients across different therapeutic areas.The aim of this study was to collect evaluate data from multiple devices, including wearable sensors, compare them standard lab-based instruments domains daily tasks.Healthy volunteers aged 18-65 years were recruited for a 1-h assess sensors. They performed...

Thin X-ray optics with high angular resolution (≤ 0.5 arcseconds) over a wide field of view enable the study number astrophysically important topics, and feature prominently in Lynx, next-generation observatory concept currently under NASA study. To produce such optics, we propose to use piezoelectrically adjustable, thin mirror segments capable figure correction after mounting on-orbit. In present work, report on fabrication characterization an adjustable cylindrical slumped glass optic....

The Marshall Grazing Incidence X-ray Spectrometer (MaGIXS) is a NASA sounding rocket instrument that designed to observe soft emissions from 24 - 6.0 Å (0.5 2.0 keV energies) in the solar atmosphere. For first time, high-temperature, low-emission plasma will be observed directly with 5 arcsecond spatial resolution and 22 mÅ spectral resolution. unique optical design consists of Wolter I telescope 3-optic grazing- incidence spectrometer. spectrometer utilizes finite conjugate mirror pair...

On August 21, 2017, the Airborne Infrared Spectrometer (AIR-Spec) observed total solar eclipse at an altitude of 14 km from aboard NSF/NCAR Gulfstream V research aircraft. The instrument successfully five coronal emission lines that it was designed to measure: Si X 1.431 $\mu$m, S XI 1.921 Fe IX 2.853 Mg VIII 3.028 and 3.935 $\mu$m. Characterizing these magnetically sensitive is important first step in designing future instruments monitor magnetic field, which drives space weather events as...

Many current outstanding questions in x-ray astronomy were addressed by Lynx, an observatory concept that concluded its study phase 2019. High-effective area, high angular resolution missions like Lynx require thin (≤ 0.5 mm thick) mirrors with precise surface figures to maintain arcsec). To methods of meeting these requirements, adjustable optics have been fabricated thin-film piezoelectric actuators perform figure correction. These serve correct low spatial frequency errors (⪆ 0.1...

Adjustable X-ray optics is the technology under study by SAO and PSU for realization of proposed telescope Lynx. The based on thin films lead-zirconate-titanate (PZT) deposited back thermally formed substrates, represents a potential solution to challenging trade-off between high-surface quality low mass, that limits performance current generation telescopes. enables correction mirror fabrication figure, mounting induced distortions, on-orbit variations in thermal environment. We describe...

Post-mounting figure correction is a promising avenue to produce low-mass, high-resolution X-ray telescopes. We have demonstrated the feasibility of this approach using piezoelectrically adjustable glass mirrors. Influence functions for various piezoelectric cells previously been measured with an optical profilometer, but significant noise. improved on both speed and accuracy these measurements Shack- Hartmann wavefront sensing system. Additionally, we altered our system investigate mid...

The X-ray Surveyor is a mission concept for next generation observatory. This will feature roughly 30 times the effective area of Chandra Observatory while matching its sub-arcsecond angular resolution. key to meeting these requirements lightweight, segmented optics. To ensure optics achieve and maintain performance, we propose use piezoelectric coatings post-bonding on-orbit figure correction. We have fabricated cylindrical prototype optic with adjusters measured performance using optical...

Thin adjustable X-ray mirrors can correct deformations generated from fabrication, gravity release, mounting stresses, drifting stresses in the reflecting layer(s) and thermal variations while maintaining high angular resolution (< 0.5 arcsecond) large effective area 2 m2) required for future missions. This work presents fabrication process developments mirror segments with actuators Lynx observatory mission concept. Piezoelectric actuator arrays were fabricated on convex side of precision...

Several proposed future X-ray missions will require thin (≤0.5 mm thick) mirrors with precise surface figures to maintain high angular resolution arcsec). To study methods of meeting these requirements, adjustable optics have been fabricated thin-film piezoelectric actuators perform figure correction. The fabrication and actuator performance for an mirror that forms a conical approximation Wolter-I telescope are reported. individual responses cells were measured shown induce change 870 nm...

This paper presents the design of an innovative solar spectrometer that will y on NSF/NCAR Gulfstream V High-Performance Instrumented Airborne Platform for Environmental Research (GV HIAPER) during 2017 eclipse. The airborne infrared (AIR-Spec) is groundbreaking in two aspects: it image coronal emission lines have never been measured, and bring high resolution imaging to GV HIAPER. instrument development faces challenges achieving adequate signal-to-noise ratio a compact package mounted...

In this paper we review the progress and current status of thermal forming activities at SAO, highlighting most relevant technical problems way to solve them. These are devoted realization mirror substrates for X-ray surveyor mission concept, an observatory with Chandra-like angular resolution 30 times more effective area or larger. The technology under development SAO is based on deposition piezoelectric material back substrates. About 8000 segments, initial quality 10 arcseconds better...

We discuss the details of Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph (IRIS) telescope primary mirror assembly designcompared to its predecessor used in Solar Dynamics Observatory Atmospheric Assembly (SDO-AIA) telescopes. Also included are structural modeling and analysis, optical surface modeling, vibration a detailed description performance verification test program results.The IRIS was adapted from an existing design on SDO-AIA The optimized for at 1369Å 2810Å with required 0.4...

The Marshall Grazing Incidence X-ray Spectrometer (MaGIXS) is a NASA sounding rocket instrument designed and built to observe emissions from the Sun's atmosphere in 6–24Å (0.5–2.0keV) range while achieving high spectral spatial resolution along 8-arcminute long slit. We describe alignment process discuss results achieved for assembling Telescope Mirror Assembly (TMA) Optics (SOA) prior final integration into MaGIXS instrument. mirrors are full shell, electroformed nickel replicated on highly...

Adjustable X-ray optics represent a potential mirror technology for the NASA Lynx observatory mission concept. employ an integrated micron-thick piezoelectric film deposited on convex side of silicon Wolter-type segments. Discrete, independently addressable electrodes surface form individual actuators; applied voltages are used to correct shape segments figure errors resulting from change in thermal environment, epoxy creep, or failure bond. On-orbit correction requires metrology system...