Over the past 20 years, numerous studies have investigated ecology and behaviour of malaria vectors Plasmodium falciparum transmission on coast Kenya. Substantial progress has been made to control vector populations reduce high prevalence severe disease. The goal this paper was examine trends over years in Anopheles species composition, density, blood-feeding behaviour, P. sporozoite along Kenya.Using data collected from 1990 2010, patterns, intensity examined Kenyan coast. Mosquitoes were...

Abstract Container aquatic habitats support a specialized community of macroinvertebrates (e.g. mosquitoes) that feed on microbial communities associated with decaying organic matter. These are often embedded within and around agricultural lands frequently exposed to pesticides. We used microcosm approach examine the single combined effects two herbicides (atrazine, glyphosate), three insecticides (malathion, carbaryl, permethrin) container habitats. MiSeq sequencing V4 region both bacterial...

Summary Objective To evaluate how stress at the larval stage alters adult mosquito performance and susceptibility to viral infection. Methods We used a model system consisting of Sindbis virus (SINV) yellow fever Aedes aegypti. Larvae were either reared under optimal conditions (control) or exposed one four types stressors; suboptimal nutrients, starvation, elevated temperature, low dose insecticide malathion females fed SINV infectious blood meal. Differential expressions stress,...

The scaling up of malaria vector control efforts in Africa has resulted changing the vectorial systems across different ecological settings. In view ongoing trends population dynamics, abundance, species composition and parasite infectiousness, there is a need to understand distribution their contribution transmission facilitate future planning strategies. We studied indoor outdoor dynamics variability Anopheles mosquitoes Taveta district along Kenyan Coast. were collected indoors outdoors 4...

The composition and structure of microbial communities that inhabit the mosquito midguts are poorly understood despite their well-documented potential to impede pathogen transmission.We used MiSeq sequencing 16S rRNA gene characterize bacterial field-collected populations 12 species. After quality filtering rarefaction, remaining sequences were assigned 181 operational taxonomic units (OTUs). Approximately 58% these OTUs occurred in at least two species but only three OTUs: Gluconobacter...

Gut microbial communities of mosquitoes can influence vector susceptibility to pathogens, yet the factors that govern their composition remain poorly understood. We investigated impact host blood-meal source on gut microbiota Aedes aegypti L. Adult were fed human, rabbit or chicken blood and compared those sugar-fed newly emerged adults. Microbial diversity was significantly reduced in blood-fed but restored levels adults at 7-days post-blood meal. strongly influenced by source. Leucobacter...

Mosquitoes host diverse microbial communities that influence many aspects of their biology including reproduction, digestion, and ability to transmit pathogens. Unraveling the composition, structure, function these microbiota can provide new opportunities for exploiting mosquito-borne disease control. MiSeq® sequencing 16S rRNA gene amplicons was used characterize adult females Culex pipiens L. Cx. restuans Theobald collected from nine study sites in central Illinois. Out 195 bacterial OTUs...

Studies were conducted between April 2004 and February 2006 to determine the blood-feeding pattern of Anopheles mosquitoes in Mwea Kenya. Samples collected indoors by pyrethrum spay catch outdoors Centers for Disease Control light traps processed blood meal analysis an Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay. A total 3,333 blood-fed representing four species 2,796 samples assayed, with arabiensis comprising 76.2% (n = 2,542) followed decreasing order coustani 8.9% 297), pharoensis 8.2% 272)...

The diversity and abundance of Anopheles larvae has significant influence on the resulting adult mosquito population hence dynamics malaria transmission. Studies were conducted to examine larval habitat ecological factors affecting survivorship aquatic stages vectors in three agro-ecological settings Mwea, Kenya. Three villages selected based rice husbandry water management practices. Aquatic habitats 3 representing planned cultivation (Mbui Njeru), unplanned (Kiamachiri) non-irrigated...

Abstract Understanding how midgut microbial communities of field‐collected mosquitoes interact with pathogens is critical for controlling vector infection and disease. We used 16S rRNA internal transcribed spacer sequencing to characterize the bacterial fungal adult females Aedes triseriatus japonicus collected as pupae in tree holes, plastic bins waste tires their response La Crosse virus ( LACV ) infection. For both mosquito species across all habitat treatments, a total 62 operational...

Microbial communities that inhabit the mosquito body play an import role in host biology and may have potential for control. However, forces shape these microbial are poorly understood.To gain a better understanding of how location influences composition diversity microbiota, we performed survey samples collected from six USA states using HiSeq sequencing 16S rRNA gene.A total 284 bacterial operational taxonomic units (OTUs) belonging to 14 phyla were detected nine species, with...

Essential oils are potential alternatives to synthetic insecticides because they have low mammalian toxicity, degrade rapidly in the environment, and possess complex mixtures of bioactive constituents with multi-modal activity against target insect populations. Twenty-one essential were initially screened for their toxicity Aedes aegypti (L.) larvae three out seven most toxic (Manuka, oregano, clove bud oils) examined chemical composition combined Ae. larvae. Manuka oil interacted...

Alternative methods of mosquito control are needed to tackle the rising burden mosquito-borne diseases while minimizing use synthetic insecticides, which threatened by rapid increase in insecticide resistance populations. Fungal biopesticides show great promise as potential alternatives because their ecofriendly nature and ability infect mosquitoes on contact. Here we describe temporospatial interactions between Aedes aegypti several entomopathogenic fungi. infection assays followed...

Studies were conducted between May and June, 2006 to investigate the environmental factors affecting distribution of An. arabiensis Patton Culex quinquefasciatus Say in Mwea, Kenya. The sampling unit comprised all non-paddy aquatic habitats ten randomly selected paddies canals located within a 200 m radius from periphery study site. Thirteen physico-chemical variables recorded for each site occasion sample mosquito larvae other invertebrates collected. identified included pools marshes....

Temperature is a key factor influencing mosquito growth and development also known to affect insecticide efficacy. We evaluated the effects of larval rearing temperature exposure insecticides on adult fitness competence for arboviral infection using Sindbis virus (SINV). exposed newly hatched larvae Aedes aegypti an environmentally realistic level malathion at 20°C 30°C allowed resulting adults feed SINV-infected blood meal. Exposure significantly reduced survival adulthood. Statistically...

The chronic effects of exposure Culex restuans (Theobald) and Aedes albopictus (Skuse) (Diptera: Culicidae) to low concentrations malathion were examined by exposing larvae the two species four doses at 20, 25, 30 degrees C maintaining resulting adults 25 C. For both species, a significant temperature interaction on survival was found. Greater temperatures highest dosage had significantly lower survivorship than in other treatments, but this effect not observed 20 These results suggest that...

Mosquito larvae experience multiple environmental stressors that may modify how subsequent adults interact with pathogens. We evaluated the effect of larval rearing temperature and intraspecific competition on adult mosquito immunity vector competence for Sindbis virus (SINV). Aedes aegypti were reared at two densities (150 300 larvae) 20° C 30° fed artificially citrated bovine blood containing 10(5) plaque forming units SINV. Expression cecropin, defensin, transferrin was also in one-...

Despite the growing awareness that larval competition can influence adult mosquito life history traits including susceptibility to pathogens, net effect of on human risk exposure mosquito-borne pathogens remains poorly understood. We examined how intraspecific affects dengue-2 virus (DENV-2) extrinsic incubation period and vectorial capacity its natural vector Aedes albopictus. Adult Ae. albopictus from low high-larval density conditions were orally challenged with DENV-2 then assayed for...

We examined the chemical composition of garlic and asafoetida essential oils their individual combined toxicity against larvae Culex pipiens Linnaeus restuans Theobald (Diptera: Culicidae). The effect two on egg hatch was also examined. Ten 12 compounds, respectively, were identified in oils. Allyl disulfide (49.13%) diallyl trisulfide (31.08%) most abundant compounds oil accounting for 80.2% total oil. In contrast, (E)-sec-butyl propenyl (30.03%), (Z)-sec-butyl (24.32%), disulfide, methyl...

Background The transmission of malaria is highly variable and depends on a range climatic anthropogenic factors. This study investigates the combined, i.e. direct indirect, impacts climate change dynamics through modifications in: (i) sporogonic cycle Plasmodium induced by air temperature increase, (ii) life Anopheles vector triggered changes in natural breeding habitat arising from altered moisture resulting acclimation responses vegetation under change. performed for rural region Kilifi...

Abstract Background The guts of blood-sucking insects host a community bacteria that can shift dramatically in response to biotic and abiotic factors. Identifying the key factors structuring these microbial communities has important ecological epidemiological implications. Methods We used yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti , investigate impact mixed blood meals on gut microbiota vector mosquitoes. Adult females were experimentally fed sugar or from chicken, rabbit mixture chicken blood,...

We conducted an entomological survey to determine the mosquito species diversity and abundance in relation land use Mwea rice scheme, Kenya. Adult mosquitoes were collected by indoor spraying of houses outdoors CDC light traps three villages representing planned (Mbuinjeru) unplanned (Kiamachiri) agroecosystems a non-irrigated agroecosystem (Murinduko). During 12-month sampling period, total 98,708 belonging five genera 25 collected. The most common during this study Anopheles arabiensis...