The regulation of expression the genes encoding large subunit (LSU) and small (SSU) ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (RuBPCase) was examined in 1- through 8-day-old, dark-grown (etiolated) light-grown amaranth cotyledons. RuBPCase specific activity cotyledons increased during this 8-day period to a level 15-fold higher than Under both growth conditions, accumulation LSU SSU polypeptides not coordinated. Initial detection occurred 1 2 days after appearance light- cotyledons,...

Salicylic acid (SA) treatment has recently been reported to inhibit replication of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) in inoculated tissue. Furthermore, resistance is induced via a novel defensive signal transduction pathway sensitive inhibition by salicylhydroxamic (SHAM; S. Chivasa, A. M. Murphy, Naylor, and J. P. Carr, Plant Cell 9: 547–557, 1997). The goals this study were determine if viruses other than TMV could be inhibited SA and, so, whether the also prevented SHAM. Potato X (PVX) RNA...

When light-grown seedlings of amaranth are transferred to total darkness, synthesis the large subunit (LS) and small (SS) ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase [RbuP(2)Case; 3-phospho-D-glycerate (dimerizing), EC 4.1.1.39] is rapidly depressed. This reduction in RbuP(2)Case occurs absence any corresponding changes levels functional mRNA for either subunit. Four hours after light-to-dark transition little, if any, distribution LS SS mRNAs on polysomes could be detected. The association these...

Soil contamination with nonmetabolized antibiotics is an emerging environmental concern, especially on agricultural croplands that receive animal manure as fertilizer. In this study, phytotoxicity of chlortetracycline (CTC) pinto beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) and maize (Zea mays) was investigated under controlled conditions. When grown in CTC-treated soil, a significant increase the activities plant stress proteins glutathione S-transferases (GST) peroxidases (POX) were observed plants, but not...

In cotyledons of 6-day-old amaranth seedlings, the large subunit (LSU) and small (SSU) polypeptides ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase are not synthesized in absence light. When dark-grown seedlings were transferred into light, synthesis both was induced within first 3 to 5 hr illumination without any significant changes levels their mRNAs. light-grown light for (where readily detected vivo), LSU SSU mRNAs associated with polysomes. these two found on contrast message, encoding...

All living cells possess adaptive responses to environmental stress that are essential ensuring cell survival. For motile organisms, this can culminate in avoidance or attractile behavior, but for sessile organisms such as plants, adaptation is a process of success failure within the confines given environment. Nearly all bacterial species highly evolved system adaptation, known "stringent response." This ancient and ubiquitous regulatory response mediated by production second messenger...

The regulation of the genes encoding large and small subunits ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase was examined in amaranth cotyledons response to changes illumination. When dark-grown were transferred into light, synthesis large- small-subunit polypeptides initiated very rapidly, before any increase levels their corresponding mRNAs. Similarly, when light-grown total darkness, proteins rapidly depressed without mRNA for either subunit. In vitro translation or vivo pulse-chase experiments...

Immunofluorescence microscopy and in situ hybridization were used to examine the expression of genes encoding C4 photosynthetic enzymes during early leaf development dicotyledonous grain plant amaranth. During developmental stages, chloroplast-encoded large subunit nuclear-encoded small ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBPCase) expressed both bundle sheath mesophyll cells a C3-type pattern. The RuBPCase proteins mRNAs became specifically localized characteristic C4-type...

Several plant virus mutants, in which genes encoding silencing suppressor proteins have been deleted, are known to induce systemic or localized RNA against themselves and other molecules containing homologous sequences. Thus, it is thought that many cases of cross-protection, infection with a mild asymptomatic mutant protects plants challenge closely related virulent viruses, can be explained by silencing. We found cucumber mosaic (CMV) the subgroup IA strain Fny (Fny-CMVDelta2b), cannot...

In some C4 plant species, a mitochondrial NAD-dependent malic enzyme (EC 1.1.1.39) (NAD-ME) catalyzes the decarboxylation of 4 carbon malate in bundle sheath cells, releasing CO2 for Calvin cycle photosynthesis. amaranth, dicotyledonous NAD-ME-type plant, photosynthetic NAD-ME purified as two subunits 65 and 60 kDa, designated alpha beta, respectively. Antiserum raised against subunit reacted only with 65-kDa protein immunoblot analysis. Immunogold electron microscopy using antiserum...

Ustilago maydis is a fungal pathogen of maize. Some strains U. encode secreted polypeptide toxins capable killing other susceptible maydis. We show here that one these toxins, the KP6 killer toxin, synthesized by transgenic tobacco plants containing viral toxin cDNA under control cauliflower mosaic virus promoter. The two components designated alpha and beta, with activity specificity identical to those found in cells, were isolated from intercellular fluid plants. beta was size N-terminal...

The regulation of expression the genes encoding large subunit (LSU) and small (SSU) ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (RuBPCase) was examined in 1- through 8-day-old, dark-grown (etiolated) light-grown amaranth cotyledons. RuBPCase specific activity cotyledons increased during this 8-day period to a level 15-fold higher than Under both growth conditions, accumulation LSU SSU polypeptides not coordinated. Initial detection occurred 1 2 days after appearance light- cotyledons,...

Plants that use the highly efficient C4 photosynthetic pathway possess two types of specialized leaf cells, mesophyll and bundle sheath. In mature leaves, CO2 fixation enzyme ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (RuBPCase) is specifically compartmentalized to sheath cells. However, in very young leaves amaranth, a dicotyledonous plant, genes encoding large subunit small RuBPCase are initially expressed both cell types. We show here mRNAs proteins become localized cells during developmental...

C4 photosynthesis typically requires two specialized leaf cell types, bundle sheath (bs) and mesophyll (mp), which provide the foundation for this highly efficient carbon assimilation pathway. In leaves of Flaveria bidentis, a dicotyledonous plant, ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (rubisco) accumulates only in bs cells surrounding vascular centers not mp cells. This is contrast to more common C3 plants, accumulate rubisco all photosynthetic Many previous studies have focused on...

In the C4 dicotyledonous grain plant amaranth (Amaranthus hypochondriacus), a mitochondrial NAD-dependent malic enzyme (NAD-ME; EC 1.1.1.39) serves specialized and essential role in photosynthetic carbon fixation. this study we have examined gene expression patterns for NAD-ME [alpha] subunit. We show here that subunit is preferentially expressed leaves cotyledons (the most photosynthetically active tissues), specific to bundle-sheath cells of these tissues from earliest stages development....

The patterns of expression for genes encoding several C4 photosynthetic enzymes were examined in light-grown and dark-grown (etiolated) cotyledons amaranth (Amaranthus hypochondriacus), a dicotyledonous plant. large subunit small ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (RuBPCase), phosphoenolpyruvate (PEPCase), pyruvate orthophosphate dikinase (PPdK) all present the by d 2 after planting when seedlings first emerged from seed coat. Kranz anatomy was apparent throughout development, overall...

Plants that utilize the highly efficient C4 pathway of photosynthesis typically possess kranz-type leaf anatomy consists two morphologically and functionally distinct photosynthetic cell types, bundle sheath (BS) mesophyll (M) cells. These types differentially express many genes are required for capability function. In mature leaves, plastidic rbcL gene, encoding large subunit primary CO2 fixation enzyme Rubisco, is expressed specifically within BS Numerous studies have demonstrated...

Abstract Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) are a revolutionary tool based on bacterial acquired immune response system. CRISPR has gained widespread use for gene editing in variety of organisms and is an increasingly valuable basic genetic research, with far‐reaching implications medicine, agriculture, industry. This lab the premise that upper division undergraduate students enrolled Life Sciences curriculum must become familiar cutting edge advances...

Temporal and spatial patterns of photosynthetic enzyme expression structural maturation chlorenchyma cells along longitudinal developmental gradients were characterized in young leaves two single cell C4 species, Bienertia sinuspersici Suaeda aralocaspica Both species partition functions between distinct intracellular domains. In the C4-C domain, acids are formed cycle during capture atmospheric CO2 by phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase. C4-D released via mitochondrial NAD-malic is refixed...