A5000637036- Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
- Criminal Justice and Corrections Analysis
- Crime Patterns and Interventions
- Law, Economics, and Judicial Systems
- Jury Decision Making Processes
- Psychopathy, Forensic Psychiatry, Sexual Offending
- Deception detection and forensic psychology
- Forecasting Techniques and Applications
- Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Complex Systems and Decision Making
- Intelligence, Security, War Strategy
- Competitive and Knowledge Intelligence
- Legal Education and Practice Innovations
- Forgiveness and Related Behaviors
- Crime, Illicit Activities, and Governance
- Behavioral Health and Interventions
- Terrorism, Counterterrorism, and Political Violence
- Child Abuse and Trauma
- Sexual Assault and Victimization Studies
- Policing Practices and Perceptions
- Bayesian Modeling and Causal Inference
- Climate Change Communication and Perception
- Artificial Intelligence in Law
- Interpreting and Communication in Healthcare
- Computational and Text Analysis Methods
Cornell University
2024
Middlesex University
2015-2024
Middlesex University
2014-2024
University of Cambridge
2005-2020
Charles Sturt University
2013-2020
Guru Gobind Singh Medical College and Hospital
2020
University of Strathclyde
2020
Defence Research and Development Canada
2020
University of Leeds
2020
Universidad de Londres
2020
People are often expected to make decisions based on all of the relevant information, weighted and combined appropriately. Under many conditions, however, people use heuristic strategies that depart from this ideal. I tested ability two models predict bail made by judges in courts. In both courts, a simple proved be better predictor judicial than more complex model instantiated principles due process. Specifically, were "passing buck" because they relied police, prosecution, previous bench....
Abstract Legal decisions such as the decision to bail upon adjourning a case have major consequences for both defendants and society. In English system, magistrates, most of whom are lay people, afforded considerable discretion must work under constraints time pressure. Judgment analysis making policies 81 magistrates from 44 courts throughout England Wales revealed intra‐ inter‐magistrate inconsistency in decisions, discrepancies between stated elicited cue use, high levels post‐decisional...
The study investigated the effects of time spent in prison and quality life before on male, federally sentenced prisoners' adaptations to imprisonment, controlling for sentence length security level. Data consisted responses a self-administered survey completed by 712 prisoners. Findings tended support independent indigenous (deprivation) importation approaches rather than their interaction effects. Time had direct effect participation programs, thoughts needing control over lives, feelings...
Summary Four types of coercive and noncoercive interview strategies (legalistic, physical, cognitive social) used to facilitate disclosure by high value detainees were examined in an international sample practitioners (N = 64). Predictive analyses confirmed that the accusatorial approach was positively correlated with physically (r s .58) negatively forms social persuasion −.31). In response strategies, more likely disclose meaningful information [odds ratio (OR) 4.2] earlier when...
Following Brunswik (1952), social judgement theorists have long relied on regression models to describe both an individual's judgements and the environment about which such are made. However, theory is not synonymous with these compensatory, static, structural models. We compared characterisations of physicians' using a model that non-compensatory process (called fast frugal). found fit data equally well. Both suggest physicians use few cues, they disagree among themselves, their stated cue...
Beyond reasonable doubt represents a probability value that acts as the criterion for conviction in criminal trials.We introduce membership function (MF) method new tool measuring quantitative interpretations of doubt.Experiment 1 demonstrated three different methods (i.e., direct rating, decision theory-based, and MF) provided significantly uncorrelated doubt, although all predicted verdicts equally well, showed inter-individual variability interpretations.In Experiment 2 only rating...
Restorative justice (RJ) has found significant utility outside the prison setting. For many reasons, it not received same level of consideration inside institution. While every case can, or perhaps should be considered for restorative processing prison, some could easily fall into broad purview range and transformative justice. We provide examples RJ practices that exist in prisons focusing on: offending behavior victim awareness programs, community service work, victim‐offender mediation,...
Abstract Background and objectives Medical risk communication has been infrequently studied in immigrants with limited non‐native language proficiency, even though they may be at greatest of illness. In a study, we examined to what extent Polish the UK have difficulties understanding treatment reduction expressed as ratios either their native or (English). We further investigated whether this population can aided by using visual displays enhance comprehension. Design, setting, participants A...
Public policymakers routinely receive and communicate information characterized by uncertainty. Decisions based on such can have important consequences, so it is imperative that uncertainties are communicated effectively. Many organizations developed dictionaries, or lexicons, contain specific language (e.g., very likely, almost certain) to express But these lexicons vary greatly only a few been empirically tested. We evidence-based methods standardize the of uncertainty has clear meaning...
Summary The intelligence community uses “structured analytic techniques” to help analysts think critically and avoid cognitive bias. However, little evidence exists of how techniques are applied whether they effective. We examined the use analysis competing hypotheses (ACH)—a technique designed reduce “confirmation bias.” Fifty were randomly assigned ACH or not when completing a hypothesis testing task that had probabilistic ground truth. Data on analysts' judgement processes conclusions...
The quality of information that informs decisions in expert domains such as law enforcement and national security often requires assessment based on meta-informational cues source reliability credibility. Across two experiments with intelligence analysts (n = 74) non-experts 175), participants rated the accuracy, informativeness, trustworthiness usefulness varying credibility conveyed using Admiralty Code, an evaluation system widely used defence domain since 1940s. Accuracy, likelihood use...
Abstract There appears to be a societal-level change in the reaction white-collar crime. The present study explored how prisoners perceive reactions of judiciary, media, significant others, prison staff, and other inmates toward them, these offenders perceived their own offending behavior. Interviews with 14 revealed that they judiciary media as negative (e.g., punitive), but positive supportive). Offenders also neutralized criminal Perceptions audience were shaped by offenders' expectations...
Abstract A routine part of intelligence analysis is judging the probability alternative hypotheses given available evidence. Intelligence organizations advise analysts to use intelligence-tradecraft methods such as Analysis Competing Hypotheses (ACH) improve judgment, but have not been rigorously tested. We compared evidence evaluation and judgment accuracy a group who were recently trained in ACH then used it on task another from same cohort that neither nor asked any specific method....