A new instrument, the Object-Spatial Imagery Questionnaire (OSIQ), was designed to assess individual differences in visual imagery preferences and experiences. The OSIQ consists of two scales: an object scale that assesses for representing processing colourful, pictorial, high-resolution images objects a spatial schematic images, relations amongst objects, transformations. Across series studies, significantly correlated with performance on tasks; but neither measures intelligence....

Abstract Three studies were conducted to examine the relation of spatial visualization solving kinematics problems that involved either predicting two‐dimensional motion an object, translating from one frame reference another, or interpreting graphs. In Study 1, 60 physics‐naíve students administered and ability tests. 2, 17 (8 high‐ 9 low‐spatial ability) additional completed think‐aloud protocols while they solved problems. 3, eye movements fifteen (9 6 recorded contrast high‐spatial...

Abstract In Experiment 1, participants completed one of two versions a computerized pointing direction task that used the same stimuli but different spatial transformation instructions. perspective‐taking version, were to imagine standing at location facing second and then third location. array‐rotation saw vector location, with base as first mentally rotate vectors, finally indicate imagined after rotation. 2, perspective‐taking, mental rotation, four large‐scale navigational tasks. The...

This study examined the effects of meditation on mental imagery, evaluating Buddhist monks' reports concerning their extraordinary imagery skills. Practitioners were divided into two groups according to preferred style: Deity Yoga (focused attention an internal visual image) or Open Presence (evenly distributed attention, not directed any particular object). Both meditators completed computerized mental-imagery tasks before and after meditation. Their performance was compared with that...

In this report we demonstrate a hemodynamic scaling method with resting-state fluctuation of amplitude (RSFA) in healthy adult younger and older subject groups. We show that RSFA correlated breath hold (BH) responses throughout the brain groups subjects which BH performed comparably accounting for age-related coupling changes, yielded more veridical estimates differences task-related neural activity. BOLD data from adults performing motor cognitive tasks were scaled using related signal...

Higher-order cognitive training has shown to enhance performance in older adults, but the neural mechanisms underlying enhancement have yet be fully disambiguated. This randomized trial examined changes processing speed and speed–related activity participants (57–71 years of age) who underwent (CT, N = 12) compared with wait-listed (WLC, 15) or exercise-training active (AC, 14) controls. The taught control functions strategic attention, integrative reasoning, innovation over 12 weeks. All 3...

The visual system processes object properties and spatial in distinct subsystems, we hypothesized that this distinction might extend to individual differences processing. We conducted a functional MRI study investigating the neural underpinnings of versus Nine participants high object-processing ability ('object' visualizers) eight spatial-processing ('spatial' were scanned, while they performed an task. Object visualizers showed lower bilateral activity lateral occipital complex...

Breath hold (BH), a commonly used task to measure cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) in fMRI studies varies outcome among individuals due subject-physiology and/or BH-inspiration/expiration differences (i.e., performance). In prior age-related studies, smaller task-related BOLD response variability is observed younger than older individuals. Also, linear CVR versus relationship exists which maybe useful test the accuracy of responses groups. Hence we hypothesized that subject-related...

Recent advances in neuroimaging have permitted testing of hypotheses regarding the neural bases individual differences, but this burgeoning literature has been characterized by inconsistent results. To test hypothesis that differences task demands could contribute to between-study variability brain-behavior relationships, we had participants perform 2 tasks varied extent cognitive involvement. We examined connectivity between brain regions during a low-demand vigilance and higher-demand...

Gulf War Illness is associated with toxic exposure to cholinergic disruptive chemicals. The system has been shown mediate the central executive of working memory (WM). current work proposes that impairment in patients (GWIPs) leads behavioral and neural deficits WM. A large sample GWIPs matched controls (MCs) underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging during a varied-load task. Compared MCs, showed greater decline performance as WM-demand increased. Functional suggested evinced separate...

fMRI was used in the present study to examine neural basis for age-related differences processing efficiency, particularly targeting prefrontal cortex (PFC). During scanning, older and younger participants completed a efficiency task which they determined on each trial whether symbol-number pair appeared simultaneously presented array of nine pairs. Estimates task-related BOLD signal-change were obtained participant. These estimates then correlated with participants' performance task. For...

Reasoning processes have been closely associated with prefrontal cortex (PFC), but specifically emerge from interactions among networks of brain regions. Yet it remains a challenge to integrate these brain-wide in identifying the flow processing emerging sensory regions abstract regions, particularly within PFC. Functional magnetic resonance imaging data were collected while participants performed visuo-spatial reasoning task. We found increasing involvement occipital and parietal together...

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common cause of neurodegenerative cognitive impairment, defined by abnormal accumulations amyloid-β and tau. Approaches directly targeting these proteins have not resulted in a modifying therapy. Neurovascular unit dysfunction feature AD offering an alternative target for intervention. Sildenafil, phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) inhibitor, improves functioning mouse models AD. Recent work patients has demonstrated increased cerebral blood flow, as well brain...

Chronic verbal retrieval deficits have been noted in traumatic brain injury (TBI), but no U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved interventions are available. The present study investigated whether 10 sessions of 20 min 1 mA anodal high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS) targeting pre-supplementary motor area/dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (preSMA/dACC) compared with sham HD-tDCS would improve TBI patients. Improvements processes were observed up to 8 weeks...

Determine if head-injury exposure relates to later-in-life cognitive decline in older National Football League (NFL) retirees.NFL retirees (aged 50+) with or without impairment underwent baseline (n = 53) and follow-up 29; 13-59 months later) neuropsychological evaluations. Cognitively normal (CN) 26) were age- education-matched healthy controls 26). impaired (CI) mild dementia 27) matched a clinical sample (CS) by age, sex, education, diagnosis 83). ANOVAs compared composites at over time...

Abstract Word finding difficulty is a frequent complaint in older age and disease states, but treatment options are lacking for such verbal retrieval deficits. Better understanding of the neurophysiological neuroanatomical basis function may inform effective interventions. In this article, we review current evidence neural circuit central to production, including words semantic memory, that involves pre‐supplementary motor area (pre‐SMA), striatum (particularly caudate nucleus), thalamus. We...