Physical exercise, particularly aerobic is documented as providing a low cost regimen to counter well-documented cognitive declines including memory, executive function, visuospatial skills, and processing speed in normally aging adults. Prior studies focused largely on the effects of medium long term (>6 months) exercise training; however, shorter have not been studied. In present study, we examined changes brain blood flow, cognition, fitness 37 cognitively healthy sedentary adults (57 –...

Questions surrounding the effects of chronic marijuana use on brain structure continue to increase. To date, however, findings remain inconclusive. In this comprehensive study that aimed characterize alterations associated with use, we measured gray matter (GM) volume via structural MRI across whole by using voxel-based morphology, synchrony among abnormal GM regions during resting state functional connectivity MRI, and white integrity (i.e., connectivity) between diffusion tensor imaging in...

Complex mental activity induces improvements in cognition, brain function, and structure animals young adults. It is not clear to what extent the aging capable of such plasticity. This study expands previous evidence generalized cognitive gains after training healthy seniors. Using 3 MRI-based measurements, that is, arterial spin labeling MRI, functional connectivity, diffusion tensor imaging, we examined changes across time points pre, mid, post (12 weeks) a randomized sample (n = 37) who...

Failures to replicate published psychological research findings have contributed a "crisis of confidence." Several reasons for these failures been proposed, the most notable being questionable practices and data fraud. We examine replication from different perspective illustrate that current intuitive expectations are unreasonable. used computer simulations create thousands ideal replications, with same participants, wherein only difference across replications was random measurement error....

The authors integrated predictions from the group value model of justice with an esteem threat framework deviance to examine within-person relation between interpersonal and workplace deviance. Using a moderated-mediation approach, they predicted that daily injustice would lower self-esteem; self-esteem in turn mediate effect interact trait predicting 1,088 diary recordings 100 employees various industries, results generally support hypothesized linking deviance, even when effects previously...

This research extends the existing theoretical understanding of what predicts organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). Using experience sampling techniques, we examine within‐person relation between OCB and a novel, theoretically relevant predictor: state gratitude. 4 independent samples with total 210 working adults 173 undergraduate students, developed reliable valid measure Drawing upon moral affect model gratitude affective events theory, conducted 2 studies data collected from 67...

Objectives: To determine the spatial distribution of cortical and subcortical volume loss in patients with diffuse traumatic axonal injury to assess relationship between regional atrophy functional outcome.Design: Prospective imaging study.Longitudinal changes global brain volumes were assessed using high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging-based morphometric analysis.Setting: Inpatient unit.Patients or Other Participants: Twenty-five 22 ageand sex-matched controls.Main Outcome Measure:...

<h3>Objective</h3> To examine the functional connectivity of hippocampal and selected frontal lobe circuits in patients with traumatic axonal injury (TAI). <h3>Design</h3> Observational study. <h3>Setting</h3> An inpatient brain unit. Imaging neurocognitive assessments were conducted an outpatient research facility. <h3>Participants</h3> Twenty-five consecutive injuries consistent TAI acute subcortical white matter abnormalities studied as well 16 healthy volunteers similar age sex....

This study examines how the cultural heterogeneity of work teams moderates way in which team intelligence (CQ) affects development shared values. Utilizing four-factor model CQ, we predict each facet CQ will impact values relatively early stages differently for culturally homogeneous versus heterogeneous teams. We operationalize as degree to a broad set are similarly endorsed by members guiding principles when working their team. Results show that behavioral and metacognitive had positive...

IMPORTANCETo our knowledge, this is the first study to show an association between concussion, cognition, and anatomical structural brain changes across age spectrum in former National Football League athletes.OBJECTIVE To assess relationship of hippocampal volume, memory performance, influence concussion history retired athletes with without mild cognitive impairment (MCI). DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTSThis retrospective cohort assessed differences groups, mean volumes, performance by...

Diffuse traumatic axonal injury (TAI) is a type of brain (TBI) characterized predominantly by white matter damage. While TAI associated with cerebral atrophy, the relationship between gray volumes and afferent or efferent pathways remains unknown. Moreover, it unclear if deficits in cognition are post-traumatic particular regions. The goal this study was to determine markers cortical subcortical structures, while also assessing cognitive outcomes regional volumes. High-resolution magnetic...

Abstract Research that has sought to understand why employees engage in organizational citizenship behaviors (OCB) concentrated on between‐person variables, typically ignoring intraindividual influences. Accordingly, we know much about who engages OCB, general, but relatively little regarding under what circumstances people OCB. By integrating social comparison with affective events and just‐world theories, propose test a dynamic model wherein directional comparisons are expected have direct...

Insidious declines in normal aging are well established. Emerging evidence suggests that non-pharmacological interventions, specifically cognitive and physical training, may counter diminishing age-related brain functions. This randomized trial compared effects of two training protocols: (CT) versus (PT) on cognition function adults 56–75 years. Sedentary participants (N=36) were to either CT or PT group for 3 hours/week over 12 weeks. They assessed at baseline, mid-training post-training...

Object Coagulopathy and thrombocytopenia are common after traumatic brain injury (TBI), yet transfusion thresholds for mildly to moderately abnormal ranges of international normalized ratio platelet count remain controversial. This study evaluates associations between fresh frozen plasma (FFP) transfusions with long-term functional outcome survival in TBI patients moderate hemostatic laboratory abnormalities. Methods is a retrospective review prospectively collected data mild severe TBI....

To determine, with arterial spin labeling (ASL) perfusion magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and physostigmine challenge, if abnormal hippocampal blood flow in ill Gulf War veterans persists 11 years after initial testing single photon emission computed tomography nearly 20 the 1991 War.The local institutional review board approved this HIPAA-compliant study. Veterans were screened for contraindications gave written informed consent before In a semiblinded retrospective protocol, three illness...

Background: Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), a non-invasive stimulation, is an intervention to enhance cognition across clinical populations including Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). This randomized trial in MCI investigated the effects of anodal tDCS (a-tDCS) delivered left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) combined with gist-reasoning training (SMART) versus sham (s-tDCS) plus SMART on measures neural changes regional cerebral blood flow (CBF). We were...

Higher-order cognitive training has shown to enhance performance in older adults, but the neural mechanisms underlying enhancement have yet be fully disambiguated. This randomized trial examined changes processing speed and speed–related activity participants (57–71 years of age) who underwent (CT, N = 12) compared with wait-listed (WLC, 15) or exercise-training active (AC, 14) controls. The taught control functions strategic attention, integrative reasoning, innovation over 12 weeks. All 3...

A challenge when interpreting replications is determining whether the results of a replication "successfully" replicate original study. Looking for consistency between two studies challenging because individual are susceptible to many sources error that can cause study deviate from each other and population effect in unpredictable directions magnitudes. In current paper, we derive methods compute prediction interval, range be expected due chance (i.e., sampling error), means commonly used...

Abstract Researchers have suggested that rater motives and the organizational context should be considered as sources of performance appraisal inaccuracies. A review literature revealed three primary non‐performance factors managers consider when rating employee performance: (a) Potential negative consequences ratings, (b) norms, (c) opportunity to advance self‐interests. Using a policy‐capturing methodology, current study investigated if these factors, well individual differences (e.g.,...

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a chronic health condition. The prevalence of TBI, combined with limited advances in protocols to mitigate persistent TBI-related impairments higher order cognition, present significant challenge. In this randomised study (n = 60), we compared the benefits Strategic Memory Advanced Reasoning Training (SMART, n 31), strategy-based programme shown improve cognitive control, versus an active learning called Brain Health Workshop (BHW, 29) individuals TBI mild...

Neuroimaging studies have yielded significant advances in the understanding of neural processes relevant to development and persistence addiction. However, these not explored extensively for diagnostic accuracy human subjects. The aim this study was develop a statistical approach, using machine learning framework, correctly classify brain images cocaine-dependent participants healthy controls. In study, framework suitable educing potential regions that differed between two groups developed...