The basal ganglia play an important role in decision making and selection of action primarily based on input from cortex, thalamus, the dopamine system. Their main structure, striatum, is central to this process. It consists two types projection neurons, together representing 95% 5% interneurons, among which are cholinergic, fast-spiking, low threshold-spiking subtypes. membrane properties, soma-dendritic shape, intrastriatal extrastriatal synaptic interactions these neurons quite well...

β-Zn4Sb3 is an outstanding thermoelectric material mainly due to its extraordinarily low thermal conductivity, which similar that of glasses. Recently it was proposed interstitial Zn atoms are responsible for this peculiar behavior. Here we report on the crystal and electronic stucture low-temperature polymorph α-Zn4Sb3. During reversible phase transition intricate disorder in disappears, all localize completely. The structure α-Zn4Sb3 corresponds a narrow-gap semiconductor.

Neuromuscular junctions are primary pathological targets in the lethal motor neuron diseases spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Synaptic pathology denervation of target muscle fibers has been reported prior to appearance clinical symptoms mouse models both diseases, suggesting that neuromuscular highly vulnerable from very early stages, a key for therapeutic intervention. Here we examined longitudinally three clinically relevant groups ALS SMA order assess...

The low-temperature phase transitions of thermoelectric Zn4Sb3 have been characterized using single-crystal X-ray diffraction, electrical resistance, and thermal conductivity measurements. Room-temperature stable, disordered β-Zn4Sb3 undergoes a transition at 254 K to ordered α-Zn4Sb3, which has an ideal composition Zn13Sb10. Below 235 K, second (α'-Zn4Sb3) can be detected. sequence β−α−α' is reversible. α−α' transformation originates from slight Zn deficiency with respect actual Zn13-δSb10.

The effects of high pressure (up to 9 GPa) on the thermal decomposition ammonia borane, BH3NH3, were studied in situ by Raman spectroscopy a diamond anvil cell. In contrast with three-step at ambient pressure, thermolysis under releases almost entire hydrogen content molecule two distinct steps. residual first is polymeric aminoborane, (BH2NH2)x, which also observed pressure. after second unique Presumably it corresponds precursor hexagonal BN where macromolecular fragments planar hexagon...

We investigated crystal structure relationships, phase stability and chemical bonding of the thermoelectric materials ZnSb, alpha-Zn4Sb3, beta-Zn4Sb3 by means first principles calculations. The structures these are difficult to rationalise. This is especially true for because presence vacancies interstitial atoms. recognised rhomboid rings Zn2Sb2 as central structural building units present in all materials. Importantly, enable establish a clear relationship between disordered ordered...

Stishovite (SiO 2 with the rutile structure and octahedrally coordinated silicon) is an important high-pressure mineral. It has previously been considered to be essentially anhydrous. In this study, hydrothermal treatment of silica glass coesite at 350–550 °C near 10 GPa produces stishovite significant amounts H O in its structure. A combination methodologies (X-ray diffraction, thermal analysis, oxide melt solution calorimetry, secondary ion mass spectrometry, infrared nuclear magnetic...

The effects of high pressure (up to 30 GPa) on the structural properties lithium and calcium carbide, Li2C2 CaC2, were studied at room temperature by Raman spectroscopy in a diamond anvil cell. Both carbides consist C2 dumbbells which are coordinated metal atoms. At standard two forms CaC2 co-exist. Monoclinic CaC2-II is not stable pressures above 2 GPa tetragonal CaC2-I possibly undergoes minor change between 10 12 GPa. Orthorhombic transforms new structure type around 15 18 (CaC2) 25...

The alloy Zn41Sb59 was synthesized by high-pressure techniques and its bulk amorphous nature at ambient conditions confirmed X-ray powder diffraction electron microscopy studies. Electrical resistivity, thermopower, thermal conductivity of were measured in a temperature range from 6 to 350 K. is semiconductor resistivity data suggest an activation energy about 0.25 eV above 250 thermopower positive increases with increasing temperature. Room-temperature values for the are 8 Ω cm 300 μV/K,...

In low-temperature, high-pressure hydrothermal environments coesite transforms into hydrous forms of stishovite. We studied stishovite produced from treatment silica glass as initial SiO2 source at temperatures 350–550 °C and pressures around 10 GPa. The P-T quenched samples were analyzed by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermal analysis, IR magic-angle spinning (MAS) NMR spectroscopy. presence significant amounts H2O (ranging 0.5 to 3 wt%) is shown...

Reinvestigation of the reaction Li7Ge12 with benzophenone in tetrahydrofuran solution affords metastable crystalline germanium allotrope allo-Ge, which transforms into another allotrope, 4H-Ge, upon annealing at temperatures between 150 and 300 °C. When 4H-Ge above 400 °C ground state modification α-Ge is obtained. The crystal structure was refined from powder X-ray diffraction data (space group P63/mmc (no. 194), a = 3.99019(4) c 13.1070(2) Å, Z 8) sequence phase transitions allo-Ge to...

Optical and electronic properties of metal (Pb, Bi, Sn, In) doped Zn4Sb3 are reported in the temperature range 80–300 K, which covers β, α, α′ structural phases this thermoelectric material. Metal doping alters subtle balance between Zn disorder deficiency present β-Zn4Sb3 changes its low behavior. Analysis infrared reflection data shows that formation ordered α′-Zn4Sb3 is accompanied by a substantial increase free charge-carrier concentration. In contrast, for samples where suppresses...

High-pressure conditions afford unique all-hydrido hypervalent complexes [SiH6]2− in the crystalline hydridosilicates A2SiH6 (A=K, Rb). Compared to normal-valent silanes SiH bond appears considerably enlarged, by about 0.15 Å. Accordingly, stretching frequencies are drastically reduced, 400–500 cm−1, thus reflecting weakness of a bond. Detailed facts importance specialist readers published as "Supporting Information". Such documents peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They made...

Polymorphic CaC2 was prepared by reacting mixtures of CaH2 and graphite with molar ratios between 1:1.8 1:2.2 at temperatures 700 1400 °C under dynamic vacuum. These conditions provided a well controlled, homogeneous, chemical environment afforded products high purity. The products, which were characterized powder X-ray diffraction, solid state NMR Raman spectroscopy, represented the three known polymorphs, tetragonal CaC2-I monoclinic CaC2-II -III. Their proportion is dependent on nominal...

Abstract The striatum is the main input stage of basal ganglia receiving extrinsic from cortex and thalamus. striatal projection neurons (SPN) constitute 95% in mice while remaining 5% are cholinergic GABAergic interneurons. (ChIN) low‐threshold spiking interneurons (LTS) spontaneously active form a subnetwork involved salience detection goal‐directed learning. Activation ChINs has been shown to inhibit LTS via muscarinic receptor type 4 (M4R) turn can modulate nitric oxide (NO) causing...

At elevated pressures (above 1.5 GPa) dihydrogen bonded ammonia borane, BH3NH3, undergoes a solid-solid phase transition with increasing temperature. The high pressure, temperature (HPHT) precedes decomposition and evolves from the known low form space group symmetry Cmc21 (Z = 4). Structural changes of BH3NH3 were studied at around 6 GPa in diamond anvil cell by synchrotron powder diffraction. this pressure transforms into HPHT 140 °C. crystal system, unit cell, B N atom position parameters...

Abstract The claustrum (CLA) is a brain nucleus located between the insula and lateral striatum, implicated in wide range of behaviors. Underpinning different behavioral phenotypes connectivity various cortical regions, including anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). CLA projection neurons are glutamatergic neurons, however, impact on its targets has been shown some studies to be inhibitory. Such inhibition likely arise from claustral activation interneurons, intricate synaptic cell types not...

Structural changes of ${\mathrm{Li}}_{2}{\mathrm{C}}_{2}$ under pressure were studied by synchrotron x-ray diffraction in a diamond anvil cell hydrostatic conditions and using evolutionary search methodology for crystal structure prediction. We show that the high-pressure polymorph ${\mathrm{Li}}_{2}{\mathrm{C}}_{2}$, which forms from $Immm$ ground-state ($Z=2$) at around 15 GPa, adopts an orthorhombic $Pnma$ with $Z=4$. Acetylide ${\mathrm{C}}_{2}$ dumbbells characteristic $Immm...

The basal ganglia are important for action initiation, selection, and motor learning. input level, the striatum, receives preferentially from cortex thalamus is to 95% composed of striatal projection neurons (SPNs) with sparse GABAergic collaterals targeting distal dendrites neighboring SPNs, in a distance-dependent manner. remaining 5% cholinergic interneurons. Our aim here investigate role surround inhibition intrinsic function striatum. Large-scale networks 20 40 thousand were simulated...

Unter Hochdruckbedingungen entstehen einzigartige hypervalente Hydridokomplexe [SiH6]2− in den kristallinen Hydridosilicaten A2SiH6 (A=K, Rb). Die Si-H-Bindung ist beträchtlich länger und schwächer als normalwertigen Silanen (um ca. 0.15 Å), die Si-H-Streckschwingungsfrequenzen sind dementsprechend drastisch reduziert 400–500 cm−1). Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as "Supporting Information". Such documents peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They...

Using infrared reflection spectroscopy the authors show that phase transitions from disordered high temperature β-Zn4Sb3 into increasingly higher ordered and complex structured low-temperature phases α α′ are accompanied by a significant increase in free charge carrier density concomitant of effective scattering rate.

Neuromodulation is present throughout the nervous system and serves a critical role for circuit function dynamics. The computational investigations of neuromodulation in large scale networks require supportive software platforms. Snudda creation simulation detailed microcircuits consisting multicompartmental neuron models. We have developed an extension to incorporate simulations. extended framework implements at level single cells incorporated into large-scale microcircuits. also...