Recent studies suggest that even infants attend to others’ beliefs in order make sense of their behavior. To warrant the assumption early belief understanding, corresponding competences need be demonstrated a variety different belief‐inducing situations. The present study provides evidence, using completely nonverbal object‐transfer task based on general violation‐of‐expectation paradigm. A total n = 36 (15‐month‐olds) participated one three conditions. Infants saw an actor who either...

The development of false belief understanding in Samoa was investigated two studies testing more than 300 children. Children’s assessed with a change location task. results study 1 suggest that Samoan children improve gradually and slowly, no succeeding majority before 8 years age. One third the 10–13-year-olds still failed. Study 2 used different translation among 55 from 4–8 age supports former results. These findings speak for cultural variability theory mind provide first cross-cultural...

A simulation study investigated how ceiling and floor effect (CFE) affect the performance of Welch's t-test, F-test, Mann-Whitney test, Kruskal-Wallis Scheirer-Ray-Hare-test, trimmed Bayesian "two one-sided tests" equivalence testing procedure. The CFE on estimate group difference its confidence interval, Cohen's d interval was also evaluated. In addition, parametric methods were applied to data transformed with log or logit function notion essential maximum from abstract measurement theory...

Previous cross-cultural research using false-belief tasks has explored whether children's theory of mind develops synchronously across cultures. Success on is usually interpreted as an important indicator mental state understanding, but inconsistent findings have led to questions regarding the interpretation success and failure. Based assumptions perceptual access reasoning (Hedger & Fabricius, 2011 Hedger, J. A., W. V. (2011). True belief belies false belief: Recent competence in infants...

The purpose of this study was to provide a systematic review and, where possible, meta-analysis on the prevalence physical health conditions in sexual minority men (SMM, i.e., gay- and bisexual-identified men) compared with heterosexual-identified men.

A large body of research has documented infants' ability to classify animate and inanimate objects based on static or dynamic information. It been shown that infants less than one year age transfer animacy-specific expectations from point-light displays images. The present study examined whether basic motion cues typically trigger judgments perceptual animacy in older children adults lead 7-month-olds infer an ambiguous object's identity Infants were tested with a novel paradigm required...

We investigated the links between maternal bonding, anxiety disorders, and infant self-comforting behaviors. Furthermore, we looked at moderating roles of gender age.Our sample (n = 69) comprised 28 mothers with an disorder (according to DSM-IV criteria) 41 controls, each their 2.5- 8-month-old (41 females males). Infant behaviors were recorded during Face-to-Face Still-Face paradigm. Maternal bonding was assessed by Postpartum Bonding Questionnaire.Conditional process analyses revealed that...

This paper investigates the role of cause and effect relations for infants' learning about artifacts. Two experiments tested whether 12-month-olds categorized a given set unfamiliar artifacts according to overall similarity and/or part similarity, depending on what kind video demonstration was presented before start categorization task. In both experiments, actions performed with objects were accompanied by interesting effects but causal relation between object-structure teased apart. one...

We investigated young infants' object encoding and processing in response to isolated eye gaze cues on the neural behavioral level. In two experiments, 4-month-old infants watched a pair of eyes gazing towards or away from novel objects. Subsequently, same objects were presented alone (i.e., without eyes). measured event-related potentials (ERP) object-directed object-averted as well subsequently Using eye-tracking methods, we additionally looking behavior reaction The ERP data revealed an...

Background: Sexual minority individuals experience discrimination, leading to mental health disparities. Physical disparities have not been examined the same extent in systematic reviews so far. Objectives: To provide a review and, where possible, meta-analyses on prevalence of physical conditions sexual women (i.e. lesbian- and bisexual-identified women) compared heterosexual-identified women. Design: The study design is with meta-analyses. Data Sources Methods: A literature search MEDLINE,...

Abstract This study presents a novel standardized rating instrument for observing and measuring effective classroom management (ECM) as part of the teaching learning environments in primary school. The comprises eight high-inferent items on organizational aspects (lack disruptions/discipline problems, withitness, time use, clear rules, routines, appreciation) instructional (structuring, goal clarity). It was applied second grade classrooms German school teachers ( n = 35) providing early...

We investigated whether witnessing social exclusion influenced memory recall in preschool children. A sample of 81 children (Mage = 5 years, 4 months) first watched priming videos either depicting or not. Subsequently, they participated two tasks, one testing numbers and the other previously heard story events. These consisted (e.g., "brother") nonsocial "circus") items. In addition, a language-screening test was conducted to ensure that both conditions (i.e., control), children's language...

Abstract After observing ostracism or social exclusion, older children, adolescents and adults report decreased satisfaction of the need for control. Attempting to regain control can motivate aggression in ostracized adults. Research has shown that onset ostracism’s harmful effects on children’s behavior is at preschool age. We investigated whether preschoolers would exert more after witnessing ostracism. A sample 53 children (Mage = 5 years, months) first watched priming videos either...

Primary-school children aged between 7 and 10 years were questioned about their conceptual knowledge of the first two axioms qualitative probability. Children with prespecified examples it was subsequently evaluated whether answers consistent axioms. In addition, children's probability investigated universal existential statements showed good examples. contrast, majority poor when asked some statements. An age-related improvement not detected. particular, only 25% said that transitivity...

We explore the role of eye movements in a chase detection task. Unlike previous studies, which focused on overall performance as indicated by response speed and accuracy, we decompose search process into gaze events such smooth use data-driven approach to separately describe these events. measured four human subjects engaged task displayed computer screen. The were asked detect two chasing rings among twelve other randomly moving rings. Using principal component analysis support vector...

Additive and multiplicative regression models of habituation were compared regarding the fit to looking times from a experiment with infants aged between 3 11 months. In contrast earlier studies, current study considered multiple probability distributions, namely Weibull, gamma, lognormal normal distribution. type test trial was varied (luminance, color or orientation contrast), crossed number trials (1, 3, 5, 7 trials) three age cohorts (4, 7, 10 months). The initial mean LT dark stimuli...