The authors assessed the association between smoking and situational cues, including affect, in real-world contexts. Using ecological momentary assessment, 304 smokers monitored ad-lib for 1 week, recording each cigarette on palm-top computers. Generalized estimating equations contrasted 10,084 11,155 nonsmoking situations. After controlling restrictions, was strongly related to urges modestly consumption of coffee food, presence other smokers, several activities. Smoking unrelated negative...

A behavioral economic approach to alcohol use disorders (AUDs) emphasizes both individual and environmental determinants of use. The current study examined differences in demand (i.e., motivation for under escalating conditions price) delayed reward discounting preference immediate small rewards compared larger rewards) 61 heavy drinkers (62% with an AUD). In addition, based on theoretical accounts that emphasize the role craving valuation preferences rewards, was also relation these...

Most attempts to quit smoking end in failure, with many quitters relapsing the first few days. Responses smoking-related cues may precipitate relapse. A modified emotional Stroop task-which measures extent which words disrupt performance on a reaction time (RT) task-was used index distracting effects of cues. Smokers (N = 158) randomized high-dose nicotine patch (35 mg) or placebo completed task 1st day attempt. using an active exhibited less attentional bias, making fewer errors words. who...

According to social learning models of drug relapse, decreases in abstinence self-efficacy (ASE) and increases positive smoking outcome expectancies (POEs) should foreshadow lapses relapse. In this study, the authors examined hypothesis by using ecological momentary assessment data from 305 smokers who achieved initial monitored their ASE POEs palmtop computers. Daily predicted occurrence a 1st lapse on following day. Following lapse, variations daily onset even after controlling for...

ABSTRACT Aim To establish the efficacy of a brief motivational intervention compared to feedback only when delivered in an emergency department for reducing alcohol use and problems among young adults. Design Two‐group randomized controlled trial with follow‐up assessments at 6 12 months. Setting Level I Trauma Center. Participants A total 198 18–24‐year‐old patients who were either positive upon hospital admission or met screening criteria problems. Intervention assigned randomly receive...

Cue exposure paradigms have been used to examine reactivity smoking cues. However, it is not known whether cue-provoked craving associated with cessation outcomes or cue can be attenuated by nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) in clinical samples. Cue-provoked ratings and reaction time responses were measured on the 1st day of abstinence among 158 smokers who had randomized high-dose (35 mg) placebo patch. The patch reduced overall levels but did attenuate increases responses. predicted...

Tests of addiction treatments seldom reveal where treatment exercises its effect (i.e., promoting initial abstinence, preventing lapses, and/or impeding progression from lapse to relapse). The authors illustrate analyses distinguishing effects on these milestones in a randomized trial high-dose nicotine patch (35 mg; n = 188) versus placebo (n 136) adult smokers, who used electronic diaries monitor smoking real time during 5 weeks treatment. High-dose promoted abstinence (hazard ratio [HR]...

Affective response to exercise may mediate the effects of self-paced on adherence. Fiftynine low-active (exercise <60 min/week), overweight (body mass index: 25.0-39.9) adults (ages 18-65) were randomly assigned (but not exceed 76% maximum heart rate) or prescribed moderate intensity (64-76% in context otherwise identical 6-month print-based promotion programs. Frequency and duration sessions affective responses (good/bad) assessed via ecological momentary assessment throughout program. A...

Chemotherapy-induced myelosuppression (CIM) and its sequalae cause significant side effects harm to quality of life. Trilaciclib is an intravenous CDK4/6 inhibitor that administered prior chemotherapy protect hematopoietic stem progenitor cells from chemotherapy-induced damage (myeloprotection).Data three randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies (NCT02499770, NCT03041311, NCT02514447) were pooled evaluate the trilaciclib standard-of-care (first-line etoposide plus carboplatin...

Self-efficacy (SE) is thought to be critical success in smoking cessation both as an individual difference and a dynamic process after quit attempt. In this study, 214 smokers used palm-top computers record day-to-day variations SE during 4 weeks quitting. remained at high stable levels prior 1st lapse but decreased became more variable thereafter. The authors event history models with time-varying covariates assess the effect of daily on relapse risk. Daily measures predicted initial...

Naltrexone (NTX) has proven to be effective with alcoholics in treatment, most controlled clinical trials showing beneficial effects on heavy drinking rates. However, little is known about the behavioral mechanisms underlying of NTX drinking, or patient characteristics that may moderate NTX's drinking. In this study, ecological momentary assessment (EMA) techniques were used investigate some putative naltrexone's drinkers who not seeking treatment for alcohol problems. Polymorphisms D4...

Polymorphisms of the mu-opioid receptor (OPRM1) and dopamine D4 (DRD4) genes are associated with subjective responses to alcohol urge drink under laboratory conditions. This study examined these associations in natural environment using ecological momentary assessment. Participants were non-treatment-seeking heavy drinkers (n = 112, 52% female, 61% dependent) who enrolled a naltrexone effects on craving drinking environment. Data culled from 5 consecutive days reports prior medication...

Nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) repeatedly has been shown to improve smoking treatment outcome. The major mechanism posited for this improvement in outcome is that NRT reduces nicotine craving and withdrawal. authors tested hypothesized of action using real-time data on withdrawal, collected by ecological momentary assessments administered a palm-top computer. Smokers (N = 324) were randomized receive either active high-dose (35 mg) 24-hr patches or placebo. Increases positive affect...

Topiramate was recently reported to be efficacious in reducing drinking rates and craving among individuals with alcohol dependence a randomized controlled trial, but dose effects could not determined. This laboratory study systematically examined the dose-dependent of topiramate on cue-elicited other putative mechanisms its pharmacotherapeutic drinking.Male female heavy drinkers (n = 61) were 1 3 medication conditions (200 mg/d; 300 placebo) double-blind study. Participants reached target...

ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate moderators and mediators of brief alcohol interventions conducted in the emergency department. Methods Patients (18–24 years; n = 172) an department received a motivational interview with personalized feedback (MI) or only (FO), 1‐ 3‐month booster sessions 6‐ 12‐month follow‐ups. Gender, status/severity group [ALC+ only, Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT+) ALC+/AUDIT+], attribution medical event, aversiveness perceived seriousness event baseline...