SYNOPSISObjective. This study examines mothers' and fathers' gender talk with their daughters sons investigates the association between parental implicit stereotypes. Design. Mothers' was examined in 304 families two children aged 2 4 years old, using newly developed Gender Stereotypes Picture Book. Parental stereotypes were assessed action inference paradigm. Results. The picture book elicited different forms of talk, including use labels, evaluative comments related to gender, about...

This longitudinal study examines the association between child gender and aggression via parents' physical control, moderated by gender-role stereotypes in a sample of 299 two-parent families with 3-year-old Netherlands. Fathers strong stereotypical attitudes mothers were observed to use more control strategies boys than girls, whereas fathers counterstereotypical toward roles used girls boys. Moreover, when had (stereotypical or counterstereotypical), their differential treatment completely...

(Hetero)sexual double standards (SDS) entail that different sexual behaviors are appropriate for men and women. This meta-analysis ( k = 99; N 123,343) tested predictions of evolutionary biosocial theories regarding the existence SDS in social cognitions. Databases were searched studies examining attitudes or stereotypes versus Studies assessing differences evaluations, expectations, men’s women’s behavior yielded evidence traditional d 0.25). For men, frequent activity was more expected,...

Goals of the current study were to examine fathers' and mothers' emotion talk from toddlerhood preschool age, test whether parents socialize emotions differently in girls boys. In a sample 317 families, we observed both parents' their use gender labels, while discussing picture book with drawings children displaying 4 basic (anger, fear, sadness, happiness), first- second-born when 2 years respectively, again 12 months later. Findings revealed that generally elaborated more on 3 age than...

This article reviews and integrates research on gender-related biological, cognitive, social processes that take place in or between family members, resulting a newly developed gendered process (GFP) model. The GFP model serves as guiding framework for gender the context, calling integration of social, cognitive factors. Biological factors are prenatal, postnatal, pubertal androgen levels children parents, genetic effects parent child behavior. Social sex composition (i.e., sex, sexual...

Most studies on early childhood parenting include only mothers. Fathers are rarely observed in interaction with their young children, although they play an important role the socialization of children. In this study, we mothers and fathers toward sons daughters families two using a within-family approach sample systematically varying family constellations. Participants included 389 children (1 3 years age). Parenting practices were coded during free Emotional Availability Scales (Biringen,...

This study examined whether parenthood changes gender‐role behavior and implicit stereotypes as assessed with an Implicit Association Test in Dutch parents. In a cross‐sectional sample, parents were found to have more traditional than nonparents wish child without the child. suggests that increase after transition into parenthood. longitudinal followed for 4 years first birthday of their youngest The authors became increasingly over time most parents, except following two groups: (a) Fathers...

ABSTRACT Since disturbances in the mother–child bond increase risk of negative consequences for child development, it is important to identify and protective factors bonding as well longitudinal associations. Previous research has used different instruments during pregnancy postnatal phase, leading inconsistent results. In current study, same instrument was various phases. a large, community‐based sample ( N = 793), general information, feelings pre‐ (Pre‐ Postnatal Bonding Scale),...

The normative developmental course of inhibitory control between 2.5 and 6.5 years, associations with maternal paternal sensitivity intrusiveness were tested. sample consisted 383 children (52.5% boys). During four annual waves, mothers fathers reported on their children’s using the Children's Behavior Questionnaire. first wave, mothers’ fathers’ observed coded Emotional Availability Scales. Inhibitory exhibited partial scalar invariance over time, increased in a decelerating rate. For both...

To examine the effects of child age and birth order on sensitive parenting, 364 families with two children were visited when second-born 12, 24, 36 months old, their older siblings average years older.Mothers showed higher levels sensitivity than fathers at all assessments.Parental increased from infancy to toddlerhood, then decreased into early childhood.The changes in parental similar for mothers fathers, mothers' fathers' related over time.However, towards firstborn not each other,...

This study experimentally tested the influence of secondary school students' gender on Dutch language and math teachers' grading (n = 358) examined role stereotypes in bias. Results showed that grading, average, was not biased. However, differences between bias were related to their stereotypes. Although we found no direct effect bias, for an indirect through provides evidence thus far had only been assumed.

Abstract From a traditional viewpoint, fathers are seen as the main disciplinarian in family. However, recent studies suggest that these family role patterns may have changed. In this study, we observed discipline strategies of mothers and toward their sons daughters. Participants included 242 families with two children (1 3 years age). Findings revealed parental varied by age children, but disciplined more often than fathers. Fathers, conversely, showed laxness response to child...

Certain infant facial characteristics, referred to as baby schema, are thought automatically trigger parenting behavior and affective orientation toward infants. Electroencephalography (EEG) is well suited assessing the intuitive nature temporal dynamics of responses, due its millisecond resolution. Little known, however, about relations between neural processing cues actual in a naturalistic setting. In present study we examined event-related potentials (ERPs) mothers (N = 33) watching...

Abstract (Hetero)sexual double standards (SDS) entail that different sexual behaviors are appropriate for men and women. There is large variation in whether people endorse SDS their expectations about the behavior of women (i.e., SDS-norms). To explain these individual differences, we examined associations between SDS-norms Dutch adolescents (aged 16–20 years, N = 566) what parents, peers, media teach boys girls SDS-socialization). Adolescents completed an online survey at school. Regarding...